Download The Human Body Project

2013
The Human Body Project
Miss Ward
Turnford School
The Human Body Project
The human body project is designed to build upon your BTEC First knowledge
from the Anatomy & Physiology Unit. In this project we will be looking at
assessment criteria across two main units: Unit 1 Anatomy & Physiology of Sport
and Unit 2 Physiology of Fitness.
The Human body is an amazing piece of machinery it allows sports performers to
participate in a huge range of sporting activities. There are a number of body
systems that work together to enable the machine to function at peak
performance. To understand how these levels of performance are achievable it
is important to understand the human body human body and its responses to
exercise.
The project is broken down into two main sections that will take roughly a half
term to complete.
The first half term will focus on the skeletal, muscular and energy systems
The second half term will focus on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Within your work we will look at the structure and function of each of these
areas of the body and how they respond to exercise.
Section 1
Section 2
Date Set:
Date Set:
Date Due:
Date Due:
Project Scenario
You have been appointed as a Trainee Sports
Therapist working with the Sixth Form Football
Teams. As part of your role you need to work with
players from the teams to ensure that all the players
in the squad stay in top condition and look at the
effects that exercise has on their bodies. You will
need to have an in-depth knowledge of the different
systems in the human body and look at the effects of
exercise in both the short and long term.
Section 1: Skeletal, Muscular and Energy Systems
TASK A – THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
DESCRIBE the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the SKELETAL SYSTEM(P1)
DESCRIBE the different CLASSIFICATIONS of joints (P2)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P1:DESCRIBE the STRUCTURE and
FUNCTION of the SKELETAL
SYSTEM
PASS
P2:DESCRIBE the different
CLASSIFICATIONS of joints
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
Describe
PLAIN ENGLISH
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that
you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject
that you are describing. Tell them what you have learned.
CONTENT
1. Know the structure and function of the skeletal system
Structure of skeletal system: axial skeleton; appendicular skeleton; types of bone (long
bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones); location of major
bones (cranium, clavicle, ribs, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, ilium, pubis,
ischium, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals,
metatarsals, vertebral column – cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum,
coccyx)
Function of skeletal system: support; protection; attachment for skeletal muscle;
source of blood cell production; store of minerals
Joints: fixed; slightly moveable; synovial/freely moveable (types, structures, movement
at each joint)
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
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Label a diagram of the SKELETON. Include the following Labels:
Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton, Cranium, Clavicle, Ribs,
Sternum, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Scapula, Ilium, Pubis, Ischium,
Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula,
Tarsals, Metatarsals, Vertebral Column-Cervical, Thoracic,
Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
2 Paint a picture of the different types of bone: Long, Short, Flat,
Irregular and Sesamoid bones. (E.G.) Long bones are found in the
limbs. They have a central shaft(diaphysis) and expanded
ends(epiphysis). An example of a long bone is the femur.
3 Paint a picture of where each bone is located and what type of bone
it is (E.G)Humerus is located in the Upper arm. It is a Long Bone, one
end of the humerus articulates with the scapula and the other with
the radius and ulna.
4 Paint a picture of the following FUNCTIONS of the skeletal
system: Support, Protection, Attachment for Skeletal muscle, Blood
Cell Production, Store of minerals. (E.G.)Protection –Bones surround
some vital organs and tissues. For example, the cranium protects the
brain. Vertebral Column protects the spinal cord
5 Paint a picture of each of the following categories of joints: Fixed,
Slightly Moveable, Synovial/Freely Movable.
Where appropriate, paint a picture of other types of joint in that
category.
(E.G.) Slightly Movable joints are also known as Cartilaginous joints.
The ends of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage which stops
the bones from rubbing……..An example is the Vertebral Column
6 Paint a picture of the types of movement possible at each
joint.(E.G.)A Hinge Joint allows Flexion and Extension. Flexion is
bending a limb, like bending the elbow joint which may happen when
performing a bicep curl.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT THEY MUST NOT BE
COPIED
TASK B – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
IDENTIFY the LOCATION of the MAJOR MUSCLES in the human body (P3)
DESCRIBE the FUNCTION of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the different
FIBRE TYPES(P4)
EXPLAIN the FUNCTION of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the different
FIBRE TYPES (M1)
ANALYSE the FUNCTION of the MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the different
FIBRE TYPES (D1)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
MERIT
DISTINCTION
P3: IDENTIFY the
LOCATION of the MAJOR
MUSCLES in the human body
P4: DESCRIBE the
FUNCTION of the
MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the
different FIBRE TYPES
M1: EXPLAIN the
FUNCTION of the
MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the
different FIBRE TYPES
D1: ANALYSE the
FUNCTION of the
MUSCULAR SYSTEM and the
different FIBRE TYPES
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Create a List of KEY FEATURES.(e.g) Steven Gerrards Strengths are:
Aerobic Endurance, Goal scoring ratio etc….
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
Identify
Explain
Analyse
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
You need to SELECT the KEY POINTS and EXPLAIN each point
providing REASONS for each point and also looking at
POTENTIALIMPACTS.(e.g.) If you were looking at the performance
of Barcelona you may pick out the key points in their success – Money,
Lionel Messi, Iniesta etc.. You would then explain the contribution of
each player and also look at what the club could do to regain the
Champions league next season
CONTENT
2. Know the structure and function of the muscular system
Muscular system: major muscles (biceps, triceps, deltoids, pectoralis major, rectus
abdominis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius,
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis
anterior, erector spinae, teres major, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, obliques, gluteus
maximus); function; location; types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)
Function of the muscular system: movement – antagonistic pairs (agonist, antagonist);
fixator; synergist; types of contraction (isometric, concentric, eccentric, isokinetic)
Fibre types: Type 1; Type 2a; Type 2b; characteristics; types of sports each are
associated with
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
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Assignment Title : The Muscular System
Label thefollowing muscles on a diagram(s): Bicep, Tricep,
Deltoids, Pectoralis Major, Rectus Abdominus, Rectus Femoris,
VastusLateralis, VastusMedialis, VastusIntermedius,
Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus,Biceps Femoris,
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Tibilialis Anterior, Erector Spinae, Teres
Major, Trapezius, LatissimusDorsi, Obliques, Gluteus Maximus.
Paint a picture of the position of each muscle. (e.g.) Bicep muscle is
located in the upper arm. It enables flexion of the elbow joint when
contracted. It’s origin is the Scapula and point of insertion is the
Radius. The Bicep will contract during a bicep curl
Paint a picture of the types of muscle: Skeletal, Smooth and
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Cardiac.
(E.G.)Skeletal muscle is stripy in appearance when looked at under
the microscope. It is Voluntary which means that you must think
before you use it.
All of the muscles on the exterior of the body are classed as
Skeletal. For example, the Triceps are a Skeletal muscle.
5 Paint a picture of the function of the muscles: Movement –
Antagonistic Pairs(Agonist/Antagonist), Fixator, Synergist,
Contractions(Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric, Isokinetic).
(e.g.)Concentric is when the muscle shortens when under tension. For
Example holding the javelin before the arm is withdrawn and fully
extended before its release. The Brachialis and Bicep shorten here
closing the elbow joint
6 Paint a Picture of Muscle Fibre Types: Type 1, Type 2A, Type
2B. Include the Characteristics of each type and sports that they
may be associated with.
(e.g.)Type 2A Fibres are also called Fast Twitch or Fast Oxidative
Fibres. They contract quickly and don’t tire easily. They would be
used during a 1500m race.
7 Select the Key points about the muscular system that you wish to
discuss further. Show that you have a deeper level of
understanding. Use some sporting examples and diagrams to support
your analysis.
(e.g.)During a Press-Up, when lowering the body to the floor, the
bicep is undergoing a concentric contraction-It is shortening under
tension. This brings the humerus, radius and ulna closer together,
flexing the elbow joint. The Bicep is acting as the agonist muscle.
The triceps are relaxed at this time- antagonistic muscle action.
Both the Bicep and Tricep are Skeletal muscles.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT THEY MUST NOT BE
COPIED FROM THE INTERNET
TASK C – THE ENERGY SYSTEMS
DESCRIBE the THREE different ENERGY SYSTEMS and their use in sport
and exercise activities(P7)
EXPLAIN the THREE different ENERGY SYSTEMS and their use in sport
and exercise activities(M4)
ANALYSE the THREE different ENERGY SYSTEMS and their use in sport
and exercise activities(D2)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
MERIT
DISTINCTION
P7: DESCRIBE the
THREE different
ENERGY SYSTEMS and
their use in sport and
exercise activities
M4: EXPLAIN the THREE
different ENERGY
SYSTEMS and their use in
sport and exercise activities
D2: ANALYSE the THREE
different ENERGY
SYSTEMS and their use in
sport and exercise activities
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
You need to SELECT the KEY POINTS and EXPLAIN each point
providing REASONS for each point and also looking at
POTENTIALIMPACTS.(e.g.) If you were looking at the performance
of Barcelona you may pick out the key points in their success – Money,
Lionel Messi, Iniesta etc.. You would then explain the contribution of
each player and also look at what the club could do to regain the
Champions league next season
Explain
Analyse
CONTENT
5. Know the different types of energy systems
Energy systems: phosphocreatine; lactic acid system; aerobic energy system; amount of
ATP produced by each system; sports that use these systems to provide energy;
recovery time
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
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Title Page: Energy Systems
Paint a picture of each of the following THREE energy systems:
Phosphocreatine, Lactic Acid System and Aerobic Energy system.
Include: the AMOUNT OF ATP produced, Sports that may use the
system and Recovery time.
(e.g.) The Phosphocreatine(PC) System provides immediate energy
during sports performance. Phosphocreatine can release a high
amount of energy. During activities that are short and require a
burst of energy this system will be used. For Example. Throwing the
javelin. The breakdown of Phosphocreatine allows ATP to be
resynthesized. The system lasts for up to 10 seconds. This system
can be recovered and restored within seconds so that it is ready to
use again.
Create a Table outlining different sports and when they may use
each system.
Give further details regarding how each system may be used during
the same sporting activity.(e.g.) Football. Tackling, Shooting,
Heading are all quick activities that happen instantaneously during
the game. They are fuelled by the PC system as they happen within a
few seconds or split seconds. This energy needs be readily available.
The Aerobic System is also vital during the game as the players
need to last 90 minutes. The Aerobic system has enough time to
begin to work and to continue to work due to the length of the game.
You need to SELECT the KEY POINTS and EXPLAIN each point
providing REASONS for each point. Expand your selection of
sporting activities. Use a wide range of sporting activities to allow
you to do this.(e.g.)A Marathon runner will mainly rely on the Aerobic
System during the race. As the runner will be running for several
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hours this system can provide the long-term energy that the runner
needs. If the race was close at the end the runner may need to tap
into the PC system to provide them with the high intensity energy
needed for a Sprint finish. This can provide energy quickly for up to
10 seconds.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT THEY MUST NOT BE
COPIED FROM THE INTERNET
TASK D – Bodies Acute Response to Exercise
DESCRIBE the MUSCOSKELETAL and ENERGY systems response to acute
exercise(P1)
EXPLAIN the response of the MUSCOSKELTAL Systems to acute exercise
( M1 )
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P1:DESCRIBEthe MUSCOSKELETAL
and ENERGY systems response to
acute exercise
MERIT
M1: EXPLAIN the response of the
MUSCOSKELTAL Systems to acute
exercise
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
Describe
Explain
PLAIN ENGLISH
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that
you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject
that you are describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g.) Once you have
described England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may
also give some reasons why the players did not perform as well
as they could.
CONTENT
1.
Know the body’s response to acute exercise
Musculoskeletal response: increased blood supply; increase in muscle
pliability; increased range of movement; muscle fibre micro tears
Energy systems: phosphocreatine; lactic acid; aerobic; energy continuum;
energy requirements of different sport and exercise activities
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
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TITLE : The Body’s acute response to exercise
Paint a picture of theeffects that exercise has on the
MUSCOSKELETAL system. Include the following: Increased Blood
Supply, Increase in Muscle Pliability, Increased range of
movement and Muscle Fibre Micro-Tears (e.g.) Blood Supply
increases to the muscles during exercise , this allows more oxygen
to be delivered through the blood capillaries to fuel the muscles.
TICK WHEN
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Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate) for the
effects on the MUSCOSKELTAL system.(e.g.)Dilation of the blood
capillaries occurs this allows more blood to flow through the
capillaries. This means that an increased amount of oxygen and
carbon dioxide can be exchanged between the capillaries and
skeletal muscle allowing energy production to increase and also to
increase the speed at which waste is removed
3 Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the ENERGY
systems. Include the following: Phosphocreatine, Lactic Acid and
Aerobic Energy Systems, Energy Continuum and Energy
requirement of different activities (e.g.) Increased movement
during exercise increases the demands on the body for energy. The
Creatine Phosphate system can provide energy for High intensity
activities lasting up to 10 seconds. The supply of Creatine Phosphate
will deplete after 10 seconds however.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT DO NOT COPY THESE
FROM THE INTERNET
TASK E – Bodies Long Term Effects of Exercise
DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal
system and Energy Systems (P3)
EXPLAIN theLONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Muscoskeletal and
Energy Systems (M2)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P3:DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM
effects of exercise on the
Muscoskeletal system and Energy
Systems
MERIT
M2:EXPLAIN the LONG-TERM
effects of exercise on the
Muscoskeletal and Energy Systems
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
Explain
CONTENT
1.
Know the long-term effects of exercise on the body systems
Energy systems: increased aerobic and anaerobic enzymes; increased use of
fats as an energy source
Skeletal system: increase in bone calcium stores; increased stretch in
ligaments; increased thickness of hyaline cartilage; increased production of
synovial fluid
Muscular system: hypertrophy; increase in tendon strength; increase in
myoglobin stores; increased number of mitochondria; increased storage of
glycogen and fat; increased muscle strength; increased tolerance to lactic
acid
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
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Assignment Title : The Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Body
Paint a picture of the long-term effects of exercise on the
Muscoskeletal system.
Include: Hypertrophy, Increase in Tendon Strength, Increase in
Myoglobin Stores, Increased Mitochondria, Increased Glycogen
and Fat Stores, Increased Muscle Strength, Increased tolerance
to Lactic Acid, Increased Bone Calcium, Increased Ligament
Stretch, Increased thickness of Hyaline Cartilage, Increased
production of Synovial Fluid.
Learner
(e.g.) Muscle Hypertrophy – The size and bulk of the muscles
increases. Use of the muscles causes them to tear through stress.
The muscle tissue repairs itself and makes the muscle tissue bigger
as a result
Give further details and provide reasons (Where
appropriate).(e.g.) Muscles become more efficient at using oxygen
as a result of training. More Mitochondria are produced in muscle
cells. These are the site where energy is produced and if more sites
are available then more energy can be produced and therefore the
muscles are able to work for longer due to the increased energy
that is available to them.
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Paint a picture of the long-term effects of exercise on the Energy
systems. Include:Increased Aerobic and Anaerobic Enzymes,
Increased use of Fats for energy.(e.g.)More Aerobic Enzymes are
produced through aerobic exercise. These are able to breakdown
glucose more effectively and efficiently
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Give further details and provide reasons (Where
appropriate).(e.g.)More Enzymes are also available to breakdown
Fats. More body fat can be stored in muscles as a result of training.
The enzymes mean that more fat can be used as an energy source,
meaning that the athlete can compete for longer.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT DO NOT COPY THEM
FROM THE INTERNET
Section 2: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
TASK A – CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
DESCRIBE the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM(P5)
EXPLAIN the FUNCTION of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (M2)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P5: DESCRIBE the STRUCTURE
and FUNCTION of the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
MERIT
M2: EXPLAIN the FUNCTION of the
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
Explain
CONTENT
3. Know the structure and function of the cardiovascular system
Structure of the cardiovascular system: heart (atria, ventricles, bicuspid valve,
tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, aorta, vena cava – superior and inferior,
pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery); blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins,
venuoles)
Function of the cardiovascular system: delivery of oxygen and nutrients; removal of
waste products; thermoregulation (vasodilation and vasoconstriction of vessels);
function of blood (oxygen transport, clotting, fighting infection)
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Assignment Title: The Cardiovascular System
Label the following features on a diagram of the human heart:
Atria, Ventricles, Bicuspid Valve, Tricuspid Valve, Aortic Valve,
Pulmonary Valve, Aorta, Vena Cava-Superior and Inferior,
Pulmonary Vein, Pulmonary Artery.
3 Paint a pictureof each of the heart structures.(e.g.) The tricuspid
valve is located in between the right atrium and ventricle. It
controls blood flow between the atrium and ventricle
4 Paint a picture of each of the Blood Vessels: Arteries, Arterioles,
Capillaries, Veins and Venuoles.(e.g.) Arteries carry blood away
from the heart. The blood is oxygenated. They are elastic and are
able to contract. Blood travels at high pressure in the arteries. They
are able expand to allow more blood to flow through when needed…..
5 Paint a picture of the FUNCTIONS of the Cardiovascular System:
Delivery of Oxygen and Nutrients, Removal of Waste products,
Thermoregulation(Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction. (e.g.) Oxygen
and nutrients are transported to the tissues through the blood.
These provide the cells/tissues with energy that they need to
survive.
6 Paint a picture of the FUNCTIONS of the blood: Oxygen
Transport, Clotting, Fighting Infection.(e.g.)Blood contains
Antibodies and White Blood Cells that help to fight against viruses
and bacteria that can cause damage to the body.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT THEY MUST NOT BE
COPIED FROM THE INTERNET
TASK B – RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DESCRIBE the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (P6)
EXPLAIN the FUNCTION of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(M3)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P6: DESCRIBE the
MERIT
M3: EXPLAIN the
FUNCTION of the
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE and
FUNCTION of the
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
Explain
CONTENT
4. Know the structure and function of the respiratory system
Structure of the respiratory system: nasal cavity; epiglottis; pharynx; larynx; trachea;
bronchus; bronchioles; lungs (lobes, pleural membrane, thoracic cavity, visceral pleura,
pleural fluid, alveoli); diaphragm; intercostal muscles (external and internal)
Function: gaseous exchange; mechanisms of breathing (inspiration and expiration); lung
volumes, eg tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume; control of breathing (neural
and chemical)
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Assignment Title: The Respiratory System
Label the following parts on a diagram: Nasal Cavity, Epiglottis,
Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchioles, Lungs(Lobes,
Pleural Membrane, Thoracic Cavity, Visceral Pleura, Pleural fluid,
Alveoli), Diaphragm, Intercostal Muscles(Internal and External)
3 Paint a picture of the role of each part.(e.g.) Larynx is also called
your voice box. It is made of muscle and cartilage. It contains your
vocal chords that allow you to talk and links the pharynx to the
trachea.
Repeat this process for each of the named parts.
4 Paint a picture and give as much detail as possible regarding the
following functions: Gaseous Exchange, Mechanisms of breathing(
Inspiration and Expiration), Lung Volumes(e.g.)Tidal Volume,
Vital Capacity, Residual Volume, Control of breathing(Neural and
Chemical)
(e.g.)During Inspiration, the Intercostal muscles contract lifting the
Ribs up and outwards. The Diaphragm is forced down and the
sternum is pushed forwards. This expands the Thoracic Cavity,
pressure falls allowing air to flow into the lungs. Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide are exchanged.
Repeat this process for each function that is listed.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT DO NOT COPY THESE
FROM THE INTERNET
TASK C – Bodies acute response to exercise
DESCRIBE the CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY systems responses
to acute exercise(P2)
EXPLAIN the response of the CARDIOVASCULAR and RESPIRATORY
Systems to acute exercise ( M1 )
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P2:DESCRIBE the CARDIOVASCULAR
and RESPIRATORY systems responses
to acute exercise
MERIT
M1: EXPLAIN the response of the
CARDIOVASCULAR and
RESPIRATORY Systems to acute
exercise
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
Describe
PLAIN ENGLISH
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that
you are Describing to does not know anything about the subject
that you are describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g.) Once you have
described England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may
also give some reasons why the players did not perform as well
as they could.
Explain
CONTENT
1.
Know the body’s response to acute exercise
Cardiovascular response: heart rate anticipatory response; activity response;
increased blood pressure; vasoconstriction; vasodilation
Respiratory: increase in breathing rate (neural and chemical control);
increased tidal volume
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Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
1
Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the
CARDIOVASCULARsystem. Include: Anticipatory Response,
Activity Response, Increased Blood Pressure, Vasoconstriction,
and Vasodilation. (e.g.) Heart Rate increases immediately as soon as
you take part in physical activity. The heart beats more times each
minute. This allows more blood containing oxygen to be delivered to
skeletal muscles to allow them to create energy.
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Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate)for the
effects on the Cardiovascular system. ( e.g.) Vasoconstriction occurs
where some blood vessels redirect blood away from areas where it is
not needed. The diameter of the blood vessels is temporarily
reduced so less blood will flow to certain areas. For example, when
Cycling less blood is needed in the upper body in comparison to the
leg muscles
Paint a picture of the effects that exercise has on the
RESPIRATORYsystem. Include the following: Increase in Breathing
Rate, Increased Tidal Volume. (e.g.)Breathing rate increases as an
immediate response to exercise as more oxygen is needed by the
body to produce energy. More breaths and deeper breaths are taken
in order to achieve this.
Give further details and reasons why (where appropriate)for the
effects on the Respiratory system. ( e.g.)The immediate increase in
breathing rate is partly due to receptors in the muscles and joints
sensing the increase in activity in these parts of the body and
sending messages to the brain to increase the rate of breathing so
that more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles and more carbon
dioxide can be removed.
USE IMAGES TO MAKE YOUR WORK INTERESTING BUT DO NOT COPY FROM
THE INTERNET
TASK D – Bodies long term response to exercise

DESCRIBE the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Cardiovascular
and Respiratory Systems(P4)

EXPLAIN the LONG-TERM effects of exercise on the Cardiovascular
and Respiratory (M2)
GRADING CRITERIA
PASS
P4:DESCRIBEthe LONG-TERM
effects of exercise on the
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Systems
MERIT
M2:EXPLAIN the LONG-TERM
effects of exercise on the
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
USE OF KEY VERBS
VERB
PLAIN ENGLISH
Describe
Try to “Paint a picture” in words. Assume that the person that you are
Describing to does not know anything about the subject that you are
describing. Tell them what you have learned.
Once you have Described the subject, often you will need to give
further details and reasons why. (e.g) Once you have described
England’s poor performance in the World Cup, you may also give some
reasons why the players did not perform as well as they could.
Explain
CONTENT
1.
Know the long-term effects of exercise on the body systems
Cardiovascular system: cardiac hypertrophy; increase in stroke volume;
increase in cardiac output, decrease in resting heart rate; capillarisation;
increase in blood volume; reduction in resting blood pressure; decreased
recovery time; increased aerobic fitness
Respiratory system: increased vital capacity; increase in minute ventilation;
increased strength of respiratory muscles; increase in oxygen diffusion rate
N
O
.
Learner Checklist(Steps to Success)
1
Give further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate)of
the changes that happen to the Cardiovascular System.
Include: Cardiac Hypertrophy, Increases in: Stroke Volume /
Cardiac Output. Decrease in Resting Heart Rate, Capillarisation,
Increase in blood volume, Reduced Resting Blood Pressure,
Decreased recovery time and increased aerobic fitness.
2
TICK WHEN
COMPLETE
Learner
Assesso
r
(e.g.)Cardiac Hypertrophy is when the heart muscle increases in size.
The cardiac muscle in the Left Ventricle increases in thickness and
is able to contract more forcefully. Like any other muscle, through
stress from repeated training the heart responds by increasing in
size. This affects Stroke Volume as the heart is able to pump more
blood out with every beat at rest. In turn this affects Cardiac
Output.
Give further details and provide reasons (Where appropriate)of
the changes that happen to the Respiratory System.
Include: Increased -Vital Capacity/Minute Ventilation/Strength
of Respiratory Muscles/Oxygen diffusion rate.
(e.g.)Like the heart muscle the breathing muscles increase in size
and become stronger through endurance training. The diaphragm and
Intercostal muscles become stronger allowing the chest cavity to be
able to expand more allowing more air and therefore oxygen to enter
the lungs. Getting more oxygen into the lungs means that this can be
converted into more energy. Therefore, endurance performers can
last for longer
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