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World Religions Introduction All world religions do the following: Set down basic ethical principals Use sacred writings Offer a message that appeals to diverse groups of people Introduction Location: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arose in the Middle East Hinduism and Buddhism arose in India. Confucianism developed in China Introduction Belief in God(s) Monotheism – The belief in one god. - Judaism was the first religion to use the concept of monotheism Polytheism – The worship of multiple gods Monotheism Judaism, Islam, Christianity Belief in one all-powerful god Belief in Prophets – people who reveal the word of god Abraham is an important prophet to all three of these religions – Father of Judaism Judaism Decedents of Abraham were known as Israelites (also known as Hebrews. The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible is known as the Torah. Judaism's most sacred text. Judaism According to scripture (ATS) – God revealed his laws to Moses written on stone tablets. Link Israelites settled in Canaan – their “Promise land” on the east edge of the Mediterranean Sea Judaism David made Jerusalem the capital of the Jewish Kingdom. His son Solomon built the Temple in Jerusalem. This is the most holy place in Judaism When Solomon dies, Israel separated into two kingdoms (Israel and Judah) Judaism Israel was conquered by the Assyrians in 722 BCE Judah (and the capital city of Jerusalem) fell to the Babylonians 586 B.C.E. This began the Jewish Diasporia Diaspora – Removal or fleeing of one group of people (Jews) Jewish Teachings 10 Commandments 1st Commandment – Reminds Jews to worship only one God - Monotheism Set aside a holy day – Sabbath Honor your Father and Mother Other commandments forbid lying, stealing and murdering Consider the kind of person you become if you abide by these Judaism also stresses equality and social justice Jewish Teachings With no homeland following the Diaspora, Jews had to find ways to maintain their religion Praying together in synagogues Observing the Sabbath Studying the Torah Judaism has spread around the world. Christianity Christianity developed in what the Romans called Judea. (formerly part of the ancient kingdom of Israel) First Christians were Jews who maintained many Jewish beliefs Christianity soon developed its own doctrine and a much larger following. Christianity Origin Lies in the life of Jesus – Considered by Christians to be the Son of God The story of Jesus is contained in the New Testament Jesus was born in 6 B.C.E. in Judea and was a Jewish teacher. Christianity Jesus At age 30 he began teaching the word of God. God is merciful and loving Love your neighbor People can be forgiven of their sins Christianity Jesus The Christian Bible says that Jesus healed the sick and performed miracles He gained many followers 12 special followers are known as the apostles. They were given the task of spreading Jesus’ message Christianity People started calling Jesus the Messiah. The Romans thought that Jesus might raise a rebellion so they charged him and crucified him Christians believe that Jesus was raised from the dead three days later… this is known as the resurrection. Christianity Beliefs – Christians believe that Jesus was the holy savior If people believe in him, they will go to heaven Eventually Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire This allowed the Roman Catholic Church to gain wealth and power. Christianity Sacred Text The Bible is the Christian holy book 2 parts – Old Testament and New Testament The 4 Gospels contain the telling of Jesus’ life Christianity The Trinity – God, Jesus, and Holy Spirit God – Father and creator of the universe Jesus – Son of God Holy Spirit – God’s presence and power on Earth Christianity Salvation – People who believe in Jesus can be granted eternal life in heaven – Called salvation Salvation is granted through God’s grace. Christianity Practice Going to church on Sunday Follow the moral teachings of the church Observing customs and rituals Sacraments such as baptism, Holy Communion Holidays – Christmas and Easter Christianity Spread/Diffusion Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world 2 Billion followers (of 7.2 billion people) Most people converted by choice Some were forced to convert Crusades – Christian v. Muslim fight for control of Jerusalem Christianity Impact Christian ethics have influenced laws in many countries Christian charity has helped poor and suffering people across the globe. Influences Government and politics Islam Origins Middle East around 600 C.E. (After Judaism and Christianity) Taught by Muhammad who was born in Mecca There is a shrine in the heart of Mecca called the Ka’bah Link According to Islamic teaching, in 610 C.E. The word of God was revealed to Muhammad by an angel. Islam Origins The Angel told him that he had been chosen as a messenger for Allah. He began to tell Arabs to worship the one true God Allah. The word Islam means “Surrender” Followers of Islam are called Muslims “Those who submit to God” Islam Origins Early Muslims were persecuted. In 622 C.E. Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Medina In 630 C.E. Muhammad and his followers took Mecca back In 632 C.E. Muhammad died. By 750 C.E. Islam had become a major religion. Islam Beliefs Recognize Jewish and Christian prophets such as Moses, Abraham, and Jesus (Jesus is not the son of God) Regard Muhammad as the last great prophet. The Quran is the word of God revealed to Muhammad Islam Beliefs Revere the Sunnah (The example Muhammad set how muslims should live) These examples are recorded in the Hadith Islam Beliefs 5 Pillars of Islam Profession of Faith – There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet” Daily prayer – 5 times a day Charity – Sharing of riches with poor Fasting – Encourage self control Pilgrimage to Mecca Islam Spread of Islam Spread throughout Asia and Africa Tried to convert people, especially in areas that subscribed to Polytheism Have waged war to convert Christians and Jews With over 1 Billion followers, Islam is the world’s 2nd largest religion. Islam Way of life Islam is more than a religion. It is a way of life. Affects culture, society, and politics in Muslim lands. Shari’ah law based on the Quran guides all aspects of life Clothing Food Education Finance Laws Hinduism & Buddhism Origins Both founded in India Common roots in the Vedas (a collection of hymns, poems, and prayers written in Sanskrit) Hinduism Origins Based on the Vedas Known as a Vedic religion Vedic teaching incorporates 4 main social classes Brahmins – The top class made up of priests Kshatriyas – Rulers and warriors Vaishyas – Herders and merchants Shudruhs – servants, and laborers Hinduism Caste system The division of people into social classes Today there are thousands of groups within the main 4 groups. Hinduism Practice Meditation is important Used to gain a mystical religious experience Brought a new set of texts known as the Upanishads (very important today) Hinduism Beliefs Has a set of basic elements but not a strict set of practices Polytheism – Belief multiple gods Each god controls a different aspect of the universe People may devote themselves to one of these gods. Hinduism Beliefs Hindus may believe that all of these gods are a part of one great force called Brahman. The goal of Hindus is to unite their soul with Brahman. Hinduism Beliefs Hindus believe that time moves in a circle. This leads to Reincarnation When you die, your soul is reborn into a different body. Hinduism Beliefs Dharma – Stands for law, duty, and obligation. A person’s Dharma reflects their caste in Indian society People live honorable by observing social values like nonviolence and charity Hinduism Beliefs Karma – refers to a persons actions and the consequences of their actions If you live properly you will have good Karma and be reborn into a higher caste. If you fail to live a proper life you will have bad Karma and be reborn into a lower caste Buddhism Origins Arose from the teachings of Siddhartha Guatama 563-483 B.C.E. He became the Buddha or “Enlightened one” HE lived a privileged life in the ruling family. At age 29 he went outside the palace and saw suffering. He then left the palace and wondered across India searching for “Greater truth” Buddhism Origins Siddhartha Guatama Tried to achieve a higher consciousness through meditation and by giving up worldly pleasures (ascetic practice). One night he sat under a tree and meditated. He did this for days. One night he reached a new level of consciousness where he saw his past lives and the effects of karma. He shed his desires and became enlightened. Continued next slide … Buddhism Origins Siddhartha Guatama By morning he had reached Nirvana (a state of happiness and peace). He had become the Buddha. Buddhism Beliefs The Four Noble Truths – core of Buddhism 1. Suffering is present in all things and nothing lasts forever. Death, suffering and loss are inevitable. Ignoring it leads to more suffering. Offer kindness to those who suffer Buddhism Beliefs The Four Noble Truths – core of Buddhism 2. The cause of suffering is desire Pleasure, power, and desire cause suffering 3. Removing desire removes suffering 4. The way to remove desire is the Eightfold Path (Eight guidelines) Buddhism Eightfold Path 1. Right understanding – Deeply understand the Four Noble Truths 2. Right Purpose – Live a life of selflessness, love, and nonviolence 3. Right Speech – Be careful and truthful in what you say 4. Right action – Do not kill, steal, or hurt others Buddhism Eightfold Path 5. Right livelihood – Earn a living n ways that do not harm 6. Right effort – Promote good actions and prevent evil actions 7. Right mindfulness – Be aware of, but not attached to your emotions, thoughts, and feelings. 8. Right Concentration – Focus your mind with practice such as meditation Buddhism At the heart of Buddhism is that all things change. Pleasure does not last and one suffers when it is gone. The Eightfold Path offers a way to end suffering and find peace Buddhism Spread of Buddhism Became more popular with the Emperor Asoka. Hinduism is the main religion in India. However Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and China. Today, Buddhism is the world’s 4th largest religion. Confucianism Spread of Confucianism Confucianism is more a way of life than a religion Became an official religion in China Confucianism Origins Based on the teachings of a man named Kongfuzi – his western name was Confucius – 551-479 B.C.E. He became a great teacher and affected the lives of millions of people. This occurred at a time of civil war People believed the Emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven (Ruling with the support of heavenly spirits) Confucianism Origins Confucius wanted to affect the government of China He had little support for his ideas during his lifetime. His ideas grew after his death. Confucianism Beliefs He believed in many gods as did the Ancient Chinese. This included dead ancestors looking down from heaven His teachings focused on earth “If we are not able to understand life and to serve humanity, how can we understand and serve spirits” Confucianism Beliefs Believed that building a more harmonious earth brings us closer to heaven People should live a life of virtue (good) Most important virtue is ren (Benevolence) Kindness What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others Confucianism Beliefs 5 basic relationships 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Parents and child Husband and wife Older sibling and younger sibling Friend and friend Ruler and subject The most important is parent and child Filial Piety – respect shown by children for parents Confucianism Beliefs Respect your elders Elders should set a good example Kind, honest, helpful, wise and faithful Respect all people Confucianism Spread After his death, his students collected his teachings in a book called Analects This help spread his teaching throughout China Chinese rulers later adopted Confucianism as a state ideology A set of basic ideas, beliefs, and values Knowledge of his ideas became the basis of the civil service exam School children memorized his sayings Some people worshipped him as a god.