Download World War I

The World War I Era
(1914–1920)
Chapter 19
Section 1:
WWI Begins (p.578-586)
1. Causes of World War I
Chapter 19, Section 1
Main Causes of World War I
A .Imperialism
Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to
conflict among the major European powers.
B .Militarism
By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had adopted
policies of militarism, or aggressively building up armed forces
and giving the military more authority over government and
foreign policy.
C. Nationalism
One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to
act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic
minorities within larger nations sought self-government.
D. Alliances
In a complicated system of alliances, different groups of
European nations had pledged to come to one another’s aid in
the event of attack.
1A. Imperialism --Economic &
Imperial Rivalries
1B. Militarism (& Arms Race)
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Militarism cont.
• Germany was
competing with the
UK to build
battleships.
• The British feared an
attack on their Empire
Militarism cont.
• Germany was
competing with Russia
and France to expand
their armies
1880
1914
• Germany 1.3m 5.0m
• France
0.73m 4.0m
• Russia
0.40m 1.2m
1C. Nationalism
1D. The Alliance System
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
2.The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
The First World War
(1914-1919):
• Who?
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
12
4. The spark that started WWI
• Princip was a
member of the
Serbian
Nationalist
terrorist group,
Black Hand.
• Franz
Ferdinand, the
sole heir to the
Austria-Hungary
Empire was just
gunned down by
a Serbian
Nationalist.
Who’s To Blame?
The Crisis cont.
• “Black Hand”
terrorists attack the
Arch Duke
• Bomb attempt fails
in morning
• Gavrilo Princip
shoots Archduke and
wife in the
afternoon.
• Austrians blame
Serbia for
supporting
terrorists.
Seal of the
Black Hand
group
• Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archduke’s
assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on
July 28, 1914. Germany is ready to help it’s ally, AustriaHungary.
• Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization, or the
readying of troops for war. France is ready to help it’s
ally, Russia.
6. Germany’s Situation
• Germany, located between France
and Russia, wanted to conquer
France quickly to avoid the need to
fight on two fronts. To get to France,
German forces had to pass through
neutral Belgium; the invasion of
Belgium brought Britain into the
conflict as well.
• One week after the war started, all
the great powers of Europe had been
drawn into it. Germany and AustriaHungary formed the Central Powers,
while Russia, France, Serbia, and
Great Britain were called the Allies.
6. Germany’s Situation
6. The Schlieffen Plan
• Germany’s
military plan to
defeat France
and Russia.
• Germany could
not win a two
front war. They
must deliver a
“Knock out
blow” aimed at
France first.
• Avoid French
defences by
invasion of
Belgium.
Britain’s Reaction to invasion
of neutral Belgium
• 1838- UK had signed a
Treaty to protect
Belgium.
• Britain also scared of
Germany controlling
Channel ports.
• Did not want Germany
to defeat France and
dominate Europe.
Britain next?
• UK issued ultimatum to
Germany to withdraw
troops from Belgium.
War declared August 4
1914
German Atrocities in Belgium
D. Stalemate and Modern Warfare
Stalemate on the Western Front
• By September 1914 the German advance on Paris
had been stopped. The war had reached a
stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able
to gain an advantage.
• Both sides holed up in trenches separated by an
empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land
resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.
• Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to
gain an advantage.
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Trench Warfare:
what was it like?
No Man’s Land: The destroyed land
between enemy trenches.
The soldiers had very
little decent food,
and what food they
had was often
attacked by rats.
These rats were the
size of small rabbits
and badgers because
they had fed on the
decomposing bodies
of dead soldiers.
Rats killed in one trench
The British government
wanted to encourage
men to enlist for war.
They said the war
would be safe, hardly
any fighting, a good
lark and over by
Christmas.
A picture of soldiers going
‘Over the Top’
They used advertising
posters to encourage
this idea!
Modern Warfare
• Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for
the new, highly efficient killing machines used
in World War I.
• New weapons killed thousands of soldiers who
left their trenches to attack the enemy.
• What are examples of new weapons?
• The machine gun / hand grenade / artillery /
bayonet / poison gas / flame thrower /
submarine / airplane /barbed wire /
War on Two Fronts (Eastern/Western Fronts)
Stalemate: Many die for little gains in land
Which side should the US pick?
Central Powers:
Allied Powers:
•11 million GermanAmericans
•Irish-Americans
hated Great Britain
•Close cultural ties
with France and
Britain
•Shared
transatlantic cables
(so censored
stories)
•Big business
loaned much $ to
allies
•Close business ties
40
What did it take to get the
US involved?
1. Blockades
•Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships
going to America
•Germany announced a submarine war around
Britain
41
What did it take to get the US
involved?
1. Blockades
•In April, 1915 Germany told Americans
to stay off of British ships
•They could/would sink them
42
What did it take to get the US
involved?
1. Blockades
•Lusitania torpedoed,
sinking with 1200
passengers and crew
(including 128
Americans)
•Was eventually found
to be carrying 4200
cases of ammunition
43
What did it take to get the
US involved?
1. Blockades
•The US sharply criticized Germany for their
action
•Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships
without warning in the future, this became
known as the Sussex Pledge.
44
What did it take to get the US
involved?
2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare
•1917 Germany announced “unlimited
submarine warfare” in the war zone
Why? Otherwise their blockade would not be
successful
45
What did it take to get the US
involved?
3. Zimmerman Note
•US intercepted a note from Germany to
Mexico
•It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
back in return for an alliance
46
C. Early 1917 –The pivotal time.
• Germans gamble on (Feb. 1917) unrestricted
submarine blockade of England and France.
(They know that the U.S. may enter the war
against them but they believe that the U.S.
can not help enough in time.)
• The all out sub blockade works!! The Allies are
in danger of loosing the war!!!
• April 1917— Wilson asks for and Congress issues
a declaration of war against Germany ETC.
• The U.S. does make a difference—Convoy
System of escorting merchant ships across the
Atlantic brings supplies to Br. and Fr.
Allied
Ships
Sunk by
U-Boats
Sept. 1916-April 1917
May 1917-Jan 1918
What did it take to get the
US involved?
•Zimmerman Note and the sinking of 4
unarmed American ships led to a declaration
of war
49
Examine the issue:
•Should we tell the story of WWI with
Germany as the “bad guy”? Explain.
In the final analysis, why did the
U.S. go to war vs Germany?
• Sub blockade by Germans—we violated the
German zone (subs had to sink) and not the
Br. zone (surface ships could just stop).
• Anti German propaganda—only one source
of news—sent by the British.
• U.S. sales and loans to Allies –$$$ Billionswe enter the war at Allies darkest hour to
save our investment.
• Wilson favored and admired the British.
Section 2:
American Power Tips
the Balance (p.587-593)
How was the war looking for the allies?
Not Good...
•Russia left the war after its communist
revolution in 1917
•Made it a one front war for Germany - all its
troops could concentrate on France
53
War on one Front (Western Front)
Convincing the American People
Idealism: 2 Goals For War:
1. War to End All Wars
2. Making the World Safe for Democracy
55
Convincing the American People
Idealism: Fourteen Points
What? President
Wilson’s Plan for
after the war
•Fourteen
promises, including
freedom of the
seas & a League of
Nations to work for
peace
President Woodrow Wilson
What did the US do to help?
Supplies:
• US provided the food, money, and
fresh troops needed to win the war
A. Us had to build an army from nothing
Building an Army
• The United States lacked a large and available military
force. Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act
in May 1917, drafting many young men into the military.
• Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up
what was called the American Expeditionary Force
(AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.
Chapter 19, Section 2
B. April 1917--Nov. 1917: With U.S.
supplies the Fr. and Br. make gains
•Convoy system allows supplies to get to Br.
and Fr. thru German sub blockade—Germans
get no supplies thru Br. Blockade.
•US troops not yet in Europe but the allies push
back Germans in mid to late 1917.
•Convoy System: Allied warships escort groups
of supply and troop ships across the Atlantic to
protect them from German U-Boats.
Communist Revolution in Russia
• In 1917, Vladimir Lenin leads a
communist takeover of Russia. Tsar
Nicolas II and his family are arrested
and killed. Russia withdraws from the
war to fight its own civil war.
C. Spring 1918--Germans make one last
all out attack
•Without Russia in the war it meant that the German
military could concentrate exclusively on the
Western front.
•( March – June 1918) Before the arrival of American
troops, Germany launched a furious attack that was
able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles
of Paris.
•AEF begins to arrive in large numbers.
•General Pershing’s troops (AEF) pushed back the
Germans in a series of attacks.
•Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat
in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive begun on September
26, 1918.
D. American Soldiers in Europe
• By 1918, European nations had begun to run
out of men to recruit. Energetic American
soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace
the tired fighters of Europe.
• Amer. soldiers were plugged into the front lines
where need -most often as part of Br. or Fr.
units. Pershing and his AEF were finally given a
section of the front to control at St. Mihiel.
• Many African Americans volunteered or were
drafted for service. However, these men served
in segregated units and were often relegated to
noncombat roles.
American “Dough Boys”
• ..be eat’n all
Europe’s
doughnuts…
E. Ending the War- late 1918
Chapter 19, Section 2
• In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the
Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary
splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups, and
German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was
inevitable.
• When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian
representative of the new German republic signed an
armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on
November 11, 1918.
• The Great War ended on at 11:00, 11/11/18. Famously,
remembered as the Eleventh Day, in the Eleventh Month, in
the Eleventh Hour.
The Final Cost
1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
Some estimates place the dead at 20-40 million
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
Weapons of WWI
New Technology + old tactics = horrible losses
Trench knife
Trench Shovel-Germans
Gas Masks
German stick grenade
WWII grenade
At times electrified cable ran thru the mass of barbed wire-had to be cut first!
Barbed wire strung out over No Man’s Land slowed
speed of the advance of the attacking troops
The Machine Gun: The whole
9 yards…
Germans first to mass produce it– the British thought it was not “sporting”
Poison Gas
Chlorine Gas – 1915 Germans first used it
rags soaked in water or urine
Gas Mask
Mustard Gas-sulfuric acid gas - yellow
British-first tanks
Tanks
Early tank-Little Willie 1915
French Tank
German Tank – lagged behind Allies in
tank development
Both sides used bolt action
rifles for the infantry
U-boats
Submarines
& Torpedos
In the beginning they surfaced
to warn the other ship
1918 depth charges improved
Fokker
Dog Fight
Airplanes
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Zeppelins
Flamethrowers
• Big Bertha (Range: 9 miles)
The War at Home
Section 3 (p.594-601)
A. Financing the War--how we paid for it
• The government raised money for the war in part
by selling Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to
support the Allied cause.
• Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for
their original value plus interest.
• Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds,
raising more than $20 billion for the war effort.
Chapter 19, Section 4
B. Managing the Economy
Chapter 19, Section 3
Government Regulation
Effect on USA
War Industries Board
• Worked with US factories to boost
production for the war effort
• Turned whole US economy to
winning the war
National War Labor Board
• Tried to smooth relations between
unions and management to keep
production going
• “Work or Fight”
• Promoted reforms like 8 hour day,
safe conditions, and ban on child
labor
Food Administration
•
•
•
•
•
Did not ration food
“Gospel of the Clean Plate”
“Meatless Mondays”
“Wheatless Wednesdays”
Victory Gardens
C. Enforcing Loyalty
Chapter 19, Section 3
Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I
Fear of
Foreigners
Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on
immigration were called for and achieved.
“Hate the Hun”
The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often referred
to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the fourth and fifth
centuries. German music, literature, language, and cuisine became
banned or unpopular.
Repression of
Civil Liberties
Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty and
democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the war.
Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages rebellion,
became a crime. The Espionage and Sedition Act allowed the
government to jail or fine those who spoke out against the war or in
support of the Central Powers.
Political
Radicals
Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war, won
popular support in some states.
The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the law into
their own hands.
D. Changing People’s Lives
Women
•Women filled factory jobs
•May have led 19th Amendment after the
war (Gave women the right to vote)
African Americans
•Black soldiers still served in Segregated
Units
•“Great Migration” - thousands of
African Americans moved North to work in
factories
Wilson Fights
for Peace
Section 4
(p.605-609)
A. President Wilson’s Proposals
Chapter 19, Section 4
• As the war neared an end, President
Wilson developed a program for peace
around the world known as the Fourteen
Points, named for the number of
provisions it contained.
• Important Points:
– End “Entangling Alliances”
– Reduce the size of all nation’s militaries
– Self-determination: Ethnic groups within
collapsed empires should decide their own
future.
– Spread of democratic government
– Freedom of the Seas
– League of Nations: A council of world nations,
where members would come together to
settle disputes peacefully.
• Wilson wanted a “Just Peace” which
was fair to all sides.
• The Allied Powers, which suffered
greatly in the war demanded a
“Peace of Vengeance” to prevent a
future threat from Germany.
• Although both Wilson and the German
government assumed that the Fourteen
Points would form the basis of peace
negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During
peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen
Points were discarded one by one.
B. The Paris Peace Conference
Chapter 19, Section 4
Wilson Forced to Compromise
• France and Britain demanded Germany pay for “war
damages” or reparations for all of the damage done in
war.
• German’s colonies were not given self-determination,
instead France and Britain divided them.
• Germany disarmament, or Germany was not allowed to
have a military.
Chapter 19, Section 5
C.
The Treaty of Versailles
• The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace
Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’
advantage.
• Nine new nations were created from territory taken from
Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany—none of which
were invited to the negotiations. Although most borders
were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in
mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in
several countries.
• On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be
known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles,
outside of Paris.
D. Reactions at Home
Chapter 19, Section 5
Congress and the Treaty of Versailles
• Despite Wilson’s intensive campaign (suffered stroke) in favor
of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in
November 1919.
• The United States declared the war officially over on May 20,
1920. It ratified separate peace treaties with Germany,
Austria, and Hungary. However, the United States did
not join the newly formed League of Nations.
• Republicans in Congress, were concerned about Article 10 of
the League’s charter, which contained a provision that they
claimed might draw the United States into unpopular foreign
wars.
The Somme American
Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
• “I can predict with absolute
certainty that within another
generation there will be another
world war if the nations of the world
do not concert the method by which
to prevent it.”
• Woodrow Wilson, 1919
One generation later…
• Germany touches off WWII, largely
because it wants revenge for its
treatment under the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles.