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Ch. 5 & 14:
The Civilizations of East Asia
& East Asian World
Chinese Dynasty Song
Here's the Chinese dynasty song, to the tune of "Frere Jacques":
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han
Sui, Tang, Song
Sui, Tang, Song
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJis9TSw1rE
Timeline of Classical China
Shang: 1766 - 1122 BCE
Zhou: 1029 - 258 BCE
Era of Warring States: 402 BCE - 201
BCE
Qin: 221 - 202 BCE
Han: 202 BCE - 220 CE
Zhou
 Social
 Rise of a strong, landowning class; inherit social status
 Patriarchal
 Political
 Loose alliance of regional princes, depended on loyalty; relatively weak rulers
 Exchange land for promise of taxes and military - Feudalism
 Landowners become more powerful than rulers
 Interactions
 Expanded the Middle Kingdom
 Cultural
 Banned human sacrifice; formalized religious practices; Ancestor worship; focus
on harmony
 Promoted use of one language for everyone
 End of dynasty leads to development of new philosophies (Confucianism)
 Tea ceremonies; chopsticks
 Economic
 Agriculture dominated (N-wheat; S-rice)
Period of Warring States
402 BCE - 201 BCE
Competing interests of landowning class
and ruling class cause political turmoil
Landowners raise own military - origins of
regional warlords
No political unity - China is exceptionally
weak
Cultural innovations survive
Results in new philosophies
Rise of Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism
Daoism/Taoism
Legalism
Confucianism
Confucius (K’ung
Fu Tzu)
Period of Warring
States
Scholar - history,
music, ethics
Main Writing: The
Analects
Promoted by
followers - Mencius
Main Ideas
Restore social order, harmony and good
government to China
Ethical systems based on relationships and
personal virtue
Emphasized family
Filial piety - respect for parents and elders is
necessary for order
Early Zhou Dynasty was seen as perfect
society
Inferiors devoted to service
Superiors looked after dependents
Confucianism
Five Basic Relationships in Society
Ruler/Subject
Father/Son
Husband/Wife
Older Brother/Younger Brother
Friend/Friend
Chinese gentleman - education and moral
standards; birth status not important
Bureaucracy - those who help run
government
Courteous, precise, generous, just/fair
Legalism
Practical, political reaction to Confucianism
Han Feizi - 3rd century BCE
Powerful and efficient government is key to
restoring order
Laws will end civil war and restore harmony
Rewards to good subjects and punish disobedient
Rulers must control ideas and actions of people
Favored by Shi Huangdi during Qin dyansty
Qin Dynasty
Emerges out of end of
Zhou Dynasty/Period
of Warring States
Founder: Shi Huangdi
(“First Emperor”)
Goals:
Unify and expand
China
Restore order
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
 Social
 Primogeniture eliminated (practice of having eldest son
inherit all property and land)
 Nobles must leave land and live in Emperor’s court
 Political
 Emperor had complete control over all aspects of society
 Use of brutality and force to accomplish goals
 Bureaucracy (not of the nobility) expanded to help control all
regions
 National census
 Single law code
 Interactions
 Army expanded to crush rivals and regional rebellions
 Expanded territory of China, including Hong Kong
 Influenced parts of Vietnam through conquest
 Expanded infrastructure to increase interactions
 Cultural
 Confucianism looked down upon and followers persecuted
 Legalism promoted
 Architectural: Initiates construction of Great Wall; Terracotta
Soldiers/Tomb of Shi Huangdi
 Uniform written language
 Banned books
 Economic
 Introduced standard weights and measures
 Eliminated the very rare practice of slavery
 Forced labor necessary for construction projects
 Extremely high taxes
 Sponsored agricultural projects (irrigation) and
manufacturing of silk
The Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty lasted over 400 years
from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D.
The Han were great inventors.
They invented many new technologies.
In 132 AD, a Han inventor invented the
world’s first seismograph, an instrument
that measures earthquakes.
Papermaking
The Han probably made paper for the
first time in 100 B.C.
The emperor found out about paper
about 200 years later in 100 A.D.
Han Art
The Han also developed the arts.
Landscape and portrait paintings were
advanced.
Han authors wrote many essays and
plays.
Han authors also wrote history, which is
why we know about them.
Han Religions
The Han made Confucianism the official
religion of China.
Han rulers also supported Daoism
which teachers the key to happiness is
accepting life as it is.
Chinese Trade
The Chinese product most in demand
by other people was silk.
The trade route from China to Arabia
and Europe takes its name from silk. It
was called the Silk Road.
Traders traveled from China with silk.
They returned with lumber, horses, and
other products the Chinese people
needed.
Map of the Silk Road
The Silk Road
The Chinese used the Silk Road to export
their silk.
Export means that they sent their goods to
other lands to be sold.
The Chinese also imported what they needed
from other countries.
Import means goods that are brought in.
The Chinese made profits, or money gained,
from their exporting on the Silk Road.
The Tang Dynasty
 Collapse of the Han in
220
 Social and political unrest
 Waves of invasions
 Reunited under the Sui
Dynasty
 Built the Grand Canal
 United North and South
China
The Tang Dynasty
 Rise of the Tang Dynasty
 618-907 C.E.
 China becomes the most
powerful and wealthy
country in the world
 Literature flourished
 Li Bo
 Du Fu
 People came to China
from all over the world
 Read poem on 268
Tang Dynasty
 Buddhism reached it
peak under Empress
Wu
 Wealthy monasteries
worried government
officials
 Seized lands and money
 Later rulers brought
back Confucianism
 Especially its stress on
ethics
 Why?
Sung Dynasty
 Weak rulers led to the
decline of the Tang
 Zhao Kuangyin
established the Sung
Dynasty in 960 C.E.
 Murdered the Tang
emperor
 Constantly threatened by
Mongol invasion
 Paid huge amounts of
silver to avoid war
 How would this affect
society?
Sung Dynasty
 Despite its economic
difficulties trade and the
arts flourished
 Porcelain was a major
export
 Inventions:
 Gun powder
 Moving type
 Read about peasant
and city life on p. 270
The Mongol Empire at its height
Impact of the Mongols
 “The Mongols created a single economic,
cultural, and epidemiological world system”
“for several centuries, Inner Eurasia was a pivot for world
history”
 Mongol Exchange
 New methods of warfare
 Trade from Venice to Beijing and beyond
 Demographic change via the plague and major
population shifts
 Altered the political histories of Russia, China, Europe
 Unparalleled cultural diffusion
Chronology of the Mongol Empire
 1206-1227
Reign of Chinggis Khan
 1211-1234
Conquest of northern China
 1219-1221
Conquest of Persia
 1237-1241
Conquest of Russia
 1258
Capture of Baghdad
 1264-1279
Conquest of southern China
Who were the Mongols?
From the steppes of
eastern central Asia
Nomadic peoples
United under the
leadership of Temujin
a.k.a Chinggis Khan
“Courage Cultures”
From Temujin to “Universal Ruler”
 Born 1167
 Orphaned at 10
 “Mastered the art of
steppe diplomacy”
 United Mongol tribes into
a single confederation
 1206 made Chinggis
Khan
Chinese depiction of Chingg
Khan
The Mongol Art of War
 Great horsemen and archers
 Large, quickly moving armies
 “cutting edge weapons”
 Masters at psychological
warfare:
“By putting cities to the sword,
they let terror run ahead of
them”
John Fairbank
A “ger”
Psychological Warfare
 Genghis Khan used combined fake retreats with accurate
Manguadai Horse Archers to pick off his European enemies.
 Genghis Khan slaughtered a few cities, in an attempt to scare all
other cities to surrender without a fight. He, being a practical
leader, also valued smarts more than bravery
 If enemies surrendered without resistance, the Mongols usually
spared their lives, and they provided generous treatment for
artisans, craft workers, and those with military skills
 In the event of resistance, the Mongols ruthlessly slaughtered
whole populations, sparing only a few, whom they sometimes
drove their armies as human shields during future conflicts
China: the Yuan Dynasty
1279-1368
 Most famous ruler:
Khubilai Khan
 Government administered
by Mongols and nonChinese advisors
 Allowed religious freedom
but dismantled Confucian
exam system
Khubilai Khan
Shortly after Chinggis Khan’s death, his empire split
into four Khanates
“Pax Mongolia?”
 Under the Mongols, there
was unprecedented longdistance trade
 Mongols encouraged the
exchange of people,
technology, and
information across their
empire
 Weatherford: the
Mongols were
“civilization’s unrivaled
cultural carriers…”
Marco Polo en route to China
How did Japan resist Mongol
invasion?
The Mongols
attempted to invade
Japan twice
[1274 and 1281]
Twice they were
repelled by typhoons
“Kamikaze” or
“divine wind”
Japan
 Geography
 Very mountainous
 Hardworking farmers
grew massive amounts of
food
 Earthquakes, tidal
waves, and typhoons
often strike the island
 Typhoon  Divine wind
 Taika, Nara, and Heian
• Rebellion and the rise of the Fujiwara clan; the pro-China
Taika Reforms
• Implementation of the Chinese sociopolitical system;
centralization; the move to Nara (710)
• Nara the city; the dominant role of Buddhism; the move to
Heian (794); the divine nature of the Japanese emperor and
his role in politics; court efforts to replicate Tang China
culture
• Hereditary aristocracy and rural administration; the
expansion of state control; Japan’s general poverty and
barter economy; rejection of China’s exam system and its
meritocratic (status based on merit) institutions
Heian Culture
Economic and cultural
development; the shoen
and development of the
outer regions; the
application of the Chinese
model to the outer
regions; self-cultivation
and refinement: clothing;
The Pillow Book (Sei
Shōnagon)
Heian Culture
Murasaki Shikibu
(Lady Murasaki)
Background;
talents, education;
The Tale of
Genji—a literary
masterpiece
The Kamakura
Period
The Minamoto;
samurai and
feudalism; the shogun
and feudal lords; the
failed Mongol
invasions; the decline
of the Kamakura; GoDaigo; the role of
women
 Ashikaga Japan
• Political weakness and the loss of central control; piracy;
political unrest; a time of cultural blossoming: Zen
Buddhism, architecture, painting, literature, the tea
ceremony, Noh drama; civil war
 Maritime Contacts Between Medieval Japan and the
Continent
• During Ashikaga era Japan infamous for piracy until
Ashikaga shoguns establish tributary relations with the
Ming; Ashikaga shoguns work to curtail piracy and
increase official trade with China and Korea (Yi Dynasty);
by mid-sixteenth century trade falls into disorder and
inland sea daimyo restart sponsored piracy.
Korea
• The Siberian origins of the Korean people; Chinese
influence; the Han occupation and Chinese culture; Korean
independence
Paekche, Silla, and Koguryo
• Selective adoption of the Chinese model of
civilization; Korea’s hereditary aristocracy; the rise
and splendor of Silla; han’gul
• Koryo; the Chinese model and Chinese art; civil
war; the Mongol conquest
• The Yi Dynasty
Yi Korea
•Adoption of the Confucian system; the yangban
elites; distinct Korean culture; printing; perfection of
han’gul; bureaucratic factionalism; Hideyoshi’s
invasion; political decline and economic development
The Ming Dynasty
1368-1644
Overthrow of Mongol rule
Founded by Ming Hong Wu
Many positive changes
1406 – construction of Beijing
“Imperial City” – power and prestige
Admiral Zheng He
Sailed to and opened trade with SE Asia,
India, Arabian Peninsula, East Africa
Promoted Chinese culture; brings new
items to China
Decline of Ming
Internal power struggles
Corruption, high taxes
Epidemic
Suffering = unrest; leads to peasant
revolt
Peasants take the capital of Beijing; Ming fall
Qing Dynasty
Set up by Manchus – 1644-1911
Manchu from present-day Manchuria
Forced Chinese to adopt Manchu look
Over time, were accepted and restored
peace and prosperity
Brought Chinese into imperial
administration (lower positions)
Emperor Kangxi
1661 -1722; 61 year reign
Revered as greatest emperor
Christianity flourished
Emperor Qianlong
1736-1795
Expanded China to its greatest physical
size
Corruption, high taxes, population
growth lead to unrest
White Lotus Rebellion - 1796-1804,
weakens government
Europeans in China
 Qing decline, Europeans seek more trade
 Qing controlled trade with Europeans:
 All Europeans traders confined to a small island just
outside Guangzhou
 Traders could reside there only from October through
March
 Europeans could deal only with a limited number of
Chinese firms licensed by the government.
 British desired more access to additional Chinese
cities.
 British had an unfavorable balance of trade with China
because the Chinese government did not allow
access to British manufactured good.
 Britain imported tea, silk and porcelain by sending
ever-increasing silver to China.
 In 1973, Lord George Macartney visited Beijing to
seek more liberal trade policies.
 Emperor Qianlong rejects the British’s attempt.
Chinese Society and Culture
Economy and Daily Life
Agricultural society – 85% farmers
Increase in population
1390 - 80 million
1700 - 300 million
Land shortages
Increase in manufacturing  trade
Lack of commercial capitalism
2 reasons
Trade and manufacturing controlled by gov’t
Taxed manufacturing more than farming
Family oriented
Confucian ideals
Elderly very respected
Women were subordinate to men
Footbinding – status symbol
Chinese Art and Literature
Literature
More books purchased
Realistic social novels
written
Architecture and art
Imperial City
Complex of palaces and
temples
Blue and white porcelain
Japan Reunification
1500-1750
Japan background
Culturally homogeneous
Natural Boundaries
Small Size
How would this affect a country’s
attempt at unification?
A Feudal System
Country under the ruler of numerous
warlords known as daimyo
Each daimyo had his own castle town
and an army of warriors known as
samurai
Daimyo pledged allegiance to the
emperor (in Kyoto) and shogun, or
hereditary commander of the army
National symbols, no political power
Warfare was
common in the late
1500s, Japan was
in a constant civil
war
Hideyoshi was a
successful warlord
who wanted Korea
AND Japan
“Turtle Boats”
delayed invasion
Edo Era
 • Ieyasu defeated
Hideyori in the “Summer
Battle” in 1616; Hideyori
committed suicide, thus
ending the house of
Toyotomi.
 •This lead to a long
period of peace and
growth for the country
under the Edo Era.
 • There were no civil
wars and only two major
wars during the entire
period.
Tokugawa Shogunate
• Ieyasu established his new capital at Edo
which developed into present-day Tokyo.
• Ieyasu was a brilliant administrator and
strategist.
– He moved hostile daimyo to outlying areas.
– Then he passed a new regulation, the Sankin
Kotai (alternate residence), requiring every
daimyo to live in Edo and in their own castles
every other year.
– The families were left permanently as hostages in
Edo.
Domestic Peace
Samurai became better educated b/c of
the peace
Consumption grew merchant trading
rose (silk, sake, fans, porcelain, books,
money lending)
Started steelmaking
Gov’t tried limiting merchant’s power
due to Confucian ideals (Agriculture
should be the basis of state wealth)
Foreign Affairs
Initially open to trade and new ideas
(Christianity spread)
In1617, the gov’t persecuted an
destroyed almost the entire Christian
community in fear that the religion
might overthrown their doctrine
1633- ended European trade (only
Dutch could trade at Nagasaki’s
harbor
Chinese ships limited as well
A
Rigid
Class
System
 • The Samurai (Shi) were the only persons allowed to carry
a katana (sword), and have a family name.
 • The farmers and peasants (No), or Hyakusho in
Japanese, were ranked higher than the merchants and
craftsmen.
 • The craftsmen (Ko) and merchants (Sho), despite being
ranked the lowest of the four classes, were the most
powerful and wealthiest of the era.
 • In addition to these four classes, there were two lower
classes, Eta and Hinin.
 • The Eta class were considered “unclean” (both and was
discriminated against; they were only allowed to work as
butchers
 • The Hinin, which means “non-human,”' were the criminals;
ranked under Eta, they were the lowest, but sometimes could
return to their original class.
Culture in Tokugawa Japan
• There were considerable cultural
advancements made.
• During this time, the merchant class
became rich and, as a result, new art
forms appeared.
Culture- Kabuki
 Kabuki is a traditional Japanese form of theater with
its origins in the Edo Period.
 • Kabuki, was the popular culture of the townspeople
and not of the higher social classes.
 • Kabuki plays are about historical events, moral
conflicts in love relationships
 • The actors use an old fashioned language which is
difficult to understand even for some Japanese
people.
 • They speak in a monotonous voice and are
accompanied by traditional Japanese instruments.
 • In the early years, both, men and women acted in
Kabuki plays.
 • Later, the Tokugawa Shogunate forbade the acting
of women
 During kabuki plays, fans shout the names of their
favorite actors in the right moments during short
pauses.
Culture: Haiku
• Haiku is one of the most important
form of traditional Japanese poetry.
• Today, Haiku is a 17-syllable verse
form consisting of three metrical units of
5, 7, and 5 syllables.
Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
and Korea
Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
Geography of Southeast Asia
• Area between Indian and Pacific Oceans, includes
mainland and islands
• Five major rivers on mainland, but mountains make
travel difficult
• Key to power in region is control of trade routes and
harbors
Influence of India and China
• Indian traders arrive in first century A.D.; bring
Buddhism, Hinduism
• Indian influence remains today
• Chinese migrants and traders bring Chinese
influence
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued Kingdoms
of Southeast Asia
The Khmer Empire
• By 800s the Khmer conquers kingdoms, creates
an empire
• Khmer Empire (now Cambodia) controls
Southeast Asian mainland
• Rulers build temple complexes in capital, Angkor
• Angkor Wat—square mile complex dedicated to
Hindu god Vishnu
Island Trading Kingdoms
• Sailendra dynasty rules on Java; its culture shows
Indian influence
• Island empire Srivijaya dominated area from 600s to
1200s
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued Kingdoms
of Southeast Asia
Dai Viet
• During Han Dynasty, China controls Southeast
Asia
• Vietnam becomes an independent kingdom, Dai
Viet, in 939
• Influenced by Chinese culture: Buddhism,
government
• Keep own cultural identity; women have some
independence
• Ly Dynasty (1009–1225) establishes capital at
Hanoi
NEXT
Thailand
Influenced by both
China and India;
Thailand adopted
Buddhism as its state
religion and the
political practices of
India.
Malay Peninsula/Indonesia
•Heavily influenced by
Indian culture
•In the 15th c. an Islamic
state formed around the
small city of Malacca
(southwest Malaysia)
A sultanate* is a term used for a land ruled by the authority and office of
a strictly Islamic monarchy
Factors that increased
European interests in
trade with Asia
Crusades
Pax Mongolia
Marco Polo’s travels
European trade
with Asia had
been disrupted
by Ottomans
control of E.
Mediterranean
Byzantine falls
Constantinople
becomes
Istanbul