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Dept. of Agricultural Products Technology Mulawarman University Samarinda, East Kalimantan, INDONESIA Cultural Variations in Styles of Thinking Anton Rahmadi AusAID & DIKTI Alumni You live in a multicultural place, respect is the key Cultural variations in styles of thinking O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another… (QS 49:13) https://www.dur.ac.uk/cultural.variation/ Clash of cultures “AMERICAN” “NON-AMERICAN” Szpara. http://www.gse.upenn.edu/wpel/sites/gse.upenn.edu.wpel/files/archives/v10/v10n2_Szpara.pdf Herrmann Whole Brain Model Herrmann N., 1996 The Brain Business Bok p.21, McGraw-Hill Explorative mind is a key to research Borneo as an island (Maier, 2014) Is the current “terms of an island” can be applied for Borneo? How Borneo came into being? What is best representing Borneo: the people, the language, the nature? Does the inhabitants feel that they live on an island? Where is the central gravity of Borneo? What is the common interest of Borneo? Cultural Attitudes to Learning CULTURE A CULTURE B Repetition and Exaggeration Linear and Plain Bi-polarity Compromise Unity in Belief Explorative thinking Group Orientation Individual Orientation Abu Rass, 2011. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/download/10792/7650%E2%80%8E Why learning in English is more than a skill? Learning new language means learning a new rhetoric Rhetoric is not universal, but varies from culture to culture. Non-native speakers are expected to produce nativelike written products Abu Rass, 2011. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/download/10792/7650%E2%80%8E Cultural Influences on Styles of Writing How writers' cultural backgrounds influence their organisation of writing; What they choose to use as evidence in supporting their main ideas; How they express their main ideas; and How they write in the foreign language Xing et al. 2008. http://llt.msu.edu/vol12num2/xingetal/ Style of Writing 1. Presence and Placement of Thesis Statement 2. Number of Paragraphs 3. Topic Sentences and Topic Changes 4. Use of Metaphors and Proverbs 5. Marks of Coherence and Unity Xing et al. 2008. http://llt.msu.edu/vol12num2/xingetal/ Contrastive Rhetoric in English Writing Student’s perception Lecturer’s perception vocabulary 62% Style 92% Style 53% Grammar 77% spelling 42% vocabulary 70% Grammar 38% handwriting 31% punctuation 18% punctuation 23% handwriting 12% spelling 23% Xing et al. 2008. http://llt.msu.edu/vol12num2/xingetal/ Example of different styles in English Writing A Native Australian Professor This project has surveyed the presence of filamentous fungi on dried cocoa beans from Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and Queensland, Australia. Fungi were isolated by placing chlorine and non-chlorine disinfected beans onto the surface of plates of DG-18 agar, and also their populations were determined by spread plating onto DG-18 and DRBC agar. A Non-native Professor in Australia Nitric oxide (NO) is an important cell messenger that plays a major role in cell signalling and has been regarded as an important marker for pro-inflammatory activity. The murine neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2A (N2A) is known to express nNOS, but so far there is limited evidence of NO production through the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Grammatical challenges Articles - A, An, The Comma, Semi-colons, Punctuation Proofreading Spelling Rules Irregular Verbs Subject / Verb Agreement Run-ons "If" Statements Word Order Tips to overcome grammatical errors Short sentences in simple S, V, O pattern Use mainly simple present, simple past, and simple future Variation in the writing: TO + Verb I at the beginning of a sentence Subject pronouns Passive voice English Writing Style is in a Linear Pattern From more to less important From specific to general Brief, Direct, and Clear Deductive Jehle-Caitcheon, N. 2012. http://www.culturesintheclassroom.com/4_english_writing.shtml Cultural influenced Style of Writing Inductive vs. Deductive Start-Sustain-Turn-Sum vs Introduction-Body-Conclusion Circular vs. Linear Metaphorical vs. Straightforward High vs low explicitness Xing et al. 2008. http://llt.msu.edu/vol12num2/xingetal/ High Explicitness Addressing the reader Reference to the text The paper concludes .... Recall that .... In the following section, a model is proposed .... Discourse labels To illustrate .... Before proceeding, let us return .... Mauranen, A. 1993. http://www.afinla.fi/sites/afinla.fi/files/1993Mauranen.pdf Low Explicitness Internal connectors However .... Moreover .... Firstly ... ..., still .... Mauranen, A. 1993. http://www.afinla.fi/sites/afinla.fi/files/1993Mauranen.pdf Small workshop STEP 1: Form a group of three, then think one topic/issue that is closely related to you or your discipline Find a topic requiring less work on ethical permission Write down this on a piece of paper Small workshop STEP 2: Now, link the issue with a product in your discipline that may help to alleviate/ease/assist in solving the issue. Small workshop STEP 3: Write the idea into a sentence. Small workshop STEP 4: Use that sentence as the main idea in the paragraph. Now, write three sentences closely related to the main idea. If you stuck, use examples. Small workshop STEP 5: Now write down 5 facts or information about the topic Write down in a good priority or logical flow Small workshop STEP 6: Develop each fact into a paragraph. Small workshop STEP 7: At the end of the work, write down a conclusion. At the beginning of your article, write one introductory sentence, followed by summary of the main ideas from each paragraph.