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Celtic Improvisations
An Art Historical Analysis of Coriosolite Coins
by John Hooker
DEDICATION
To my wife Carrie and my daughter Jasmin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To my wife Carin Perron for editing, layout, and indexing, for suggesting regrouping the series for statistical
patterns and noticing the separation was the River Rance, for designing many charts and graphs, and especially for
years of encouragement, suggestions, and support; my daughter, Jasmin Perron, who patiently endured life with the
Coriosolites; my former assistant, Shannon Reynolds, for doggedly retyping the manuscript; Robert Kokotailo of
Calgary Coin Gallery, for finding me all of my coins; Dr. Philip de Jersey of the Celtic Coin Index, who sent me
many photographs of Coriosolite coins; Sean Kingsley, Managing Editor of Minerva Magazine, for publishing a
summary article, encouraging me to get the book published, and providing help in finding a publisher; Robert van
Arsdell, who read the manuscript and offered suggestions; Michelle Mann, for her friendship and encouragement to
publish this book; the late Lew Burke, who taught me proper cataloguing at the Glenbow Museum; and the late
Major N. V. L. Rybot of Jersey, without whose painstaking die reconstructions this book would not have been
possible.
J.L.H, Calgary, May, 2002.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter One: The Scope Of The Study
Chapter Two: The Hoards
1
5
Chapter Three: The Catalogue
15
General Introduction
15
Series X: The Coins of Groups A to G (Class VI, V and IV):
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
22
24
25
26
28
30
31
Series Y: The Coins of Groups H to M (Class I and III)
Group H
Group I
Group J
Group K
19
38
42
45
47
35
Group L
Group M
48
49
Series Z: The Coins of Groups N and O (Class II)
Group N
Group O
53
55
56
Chapter Four: Armorica and the Gods
59
Chapter Five: The Neighbours of the Coriosolites
Chapter Six: Pathways to Brittany
73
Chapter Seven: Last Words
Bibliography
69
79
93
Classical Sources
94
Appendix A: Comparison of Flow Charts
95
Appendix B: Quick Identification Chart
99
Appendix C: Index of Design Elements
101
Appendix D: Two-Way Rybot-Hooker Concordance with Colbert de Beaulieau’s Classes & Rybot’s
Groups
113
Section 1: By Hooker Number
113
Section 2: By Rybot Number
115
Index
119
i
TABLE OF FIGURES
This table includes all major maps, charts, and figures, which are captioned, but does not include the line drawings
of the Coriosolite coin dies, which are interspersed throughout the catalogue.
Map 1: Hoards of Coriosolite Coins Discussed in the Text
Map 2: Mint Zones of Series X, Y & Z
The Hoard Charts
13
Jersey Hoards
13
Brittany Hoards
5
10
14
Series X Flow Chart: the chronology, and the relationship of groups to classes
Obverse features:
20
Reverse features:
21
19
Series Y Flow Chart: The chronology, and the relationship of groups to classes
Obverse features:
35
Reverse features:
36
35
Series Z Flow Chart: The chronology, and the relationship of groups to classes
Obverse features:
53
Reverse features:
54
Armorica & the Gods – Motifs:
53
60
Fig 1. Examples of Boar and Lyre Symbols on Series X
60
Fig 2. Development of the Spear element into the Sun Sceptre
62
Fig 3. Variations on a Theme in the Banners on Coriosolite Coins
Map 3: the Neighbours of the Coriosolites
Fig 4. Coin of Xn Series
66
69
69
Fig 5. Coin of the Baiocasses
70
Fig 6. Coin of the Aulerci Diablintes
70
Fig 7. Coins of the Redones
70
Fig 8. Coin of the Namnetes
70
Fig 9. Coin of the Veneti
70
Fig 10. Coins of the Osismii
70
Pathways to Brittany – Motifs:
74
Fig 11. Coins Related to the Origins of the Armorican Design
74
Fig 12. S-scroll with Leaves on Weisskirchen Scabbard and Coriosolite Coins
76
Fig 13. S-shape Split-Palmette Derivative on Weisskirchen Girdle Clasp and Coriosolite Coin
Fig 14. Wide Leaf Shape from Weisskirchen Gold Foil Ornament to Coriosolite Coins
Last Words – Figures:
77
82
Fig 15. Silver Percentages in Some Coins from Trébry
Fig 16. The Golden Section
82
86
Fig 17. Development of a Celtic Design: Anatomy of a Thought Process
Fig 18. Transition from Class V to Class IV as Shown on the Head on Coriosolite Coins
Fig 19. Design Evolution in Groups C & D
88
Fig 20. Variations on a Theme in H1 Banners
Series X Flow Chart
95
Series Y Flow Chart
96
Series Z Flow Chart
97
John Hooker’s Coriosolite Expert System
Obverse Motifs
76
89
99
101
1. Eyes
101
2. Noses
102
3. Mouths
103
4. Necks, or ornaments at that position
5. Ear Spirals
104
103
87
88
6. Whisks
105
7. Forelocks
106
8. Nose Ornaments including nose
9. Ornaments Issuing from the chin
10. Mouth ornaments
108
Reverse Motifs:
11. Pony’s head
12. Pony’s shoulder ridge
13. Martingale
14. Pony’s reins
15. Pony’s Tail
106
108
109
109
110
110
110
111
iii
CHAPTER ONE:
THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
3
CHAPTER ONE: THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Just over two thousand years ago, Julius Caesar set into motion events that would culminate in the conquest of the
tribes of Gaul. It is to the coins of one of these tribes that this book addresses itself.
The Coriosolites inhabited what is now Côtes-d’Armor in Brittany: their name survives in Corseul, probably their
main settlement. Little is known of them; when Caesar mentions them in his commentaries on the Gallic wars, it is
in conjunction with several neighboring tribes. The Coriosolites and the tribes living near them were called
“Armoricans”: “Armorica” meant “the country by the sea” or “the Maritimes.” Caesar’s first reference to the
Coriosolites occurs among his entries for 57 BC (Caesar, II.34):
Caesar was informed by Publius Crassus, whom he had sent with one legion against the Veneti and the
other tribes on the Atlantic seaboard—the Venelli (Unelli) , Osismii, Coriosolites, Essuvii, Aulerci, and
Redones—that all these had been subjected to Roman rule.
This casual statement is charged with meaning. A single legion had no more, and often fewer, than six thousand
men. In his entries five years later, Caesar tells us that after heavy losses, the Armoricans were yet able to muster
twenty thousand troops.
Roman superiority in the techniques of war was but one reason that Crassus appeared to have little difficulty
subjugating Armorica; another was the tradition of warfare among the Celts. With few exceptions, Celtic warfare
was inter-tribal, or in the form of skirmishes between individuals or clans. The Celts had little experience of
cooperation. The Romans probably encountered some small strongholds defended by the local population under the
command of a chieftain and his personal retinue, thus enabling a relatively easy piece-meal conquest.
The Armoricans soon learned from their mistakes. The following winter, the Veneti, the Essuvii, and the
Coriosolites captured the envoys that Crassus had sent to obtain food and other supplies for his troops in their winter
quarters. They hoped that by doing this, they might make the Romans return the hostages that had been taken from
them. Realizing that such a ploy might be unsuccessful, they agreed to stand together in their resolve and share
whatever might befall them.
Of course, the hostages were not returned, and the Armoricans prepared for battle. More tribes joined the alliance,
presenting a solid front. We can imagine that, with their typical bravado, the Celts believed they would be
victorious.
The outcome was inevitable: Caesar returned to Gaul in the spring, after ordering warships to be built and
commissioning crew for them, and defeated the Veneti in a naval battle. Quintus Sabinus was sent with three legions
to isolate the Unelli, Coriosolites, and Lexovii. When he arrived in the territory of the Unelli, he established his
camp, and within a few days found a large army of Celts encamped two miles away. In addition to the rebel tribes
under the command of Viridovix of the Unelli, there were also Celtic mercenaries from throughout Gaul.
Each day, the Celts would ride up to the Roman camp and attempt to lure them out to fight. Sabinus held fast,
feeling that he should not engage such force without express orders from Caesar to do so. After a time, the morale of
the Roman soldiers began to dwindle. The Celts were taunting them with insults and accusing their commander of
cowardice.
Sabinus, seeing that the morale should not be allowed to diminish any further, tricked the Celts into believing that
the Romans were frightened and about to flee. This initiated a hurried attack from the Celts. The Romans, armed and
waiting, made a sortie from two of the gates, catching the breathless Celts unawares. Most of the Celts were killed
on the spot; others retreated and were rounded up by the Roman cavalry. Only a few escaped. The remaining
Armorican tribes, hearing of both Caesar’s and Sabinus’ victories, immediately sued for peace.
While not playing an important role in the battle, the Coriosolites have achieved lasting distinction for the large
number of their coins that have survived: more than twenty thousand are recorded. No other Celtic tribe is so well
represented. Large hoards of these coins have been found in Jersey, Brittany, and Normandy. Foremost among these
is the La Marquanderie hoard from Jersey, consisting of over 11,000 coins (Rybot, 1952, pp. 12-13). The La
Marquanderie hoard forms the basis for this book.
Without the work of Major N. V. L. Rybot of the Société Jersiaise, between 1935 and 1937, in his painstaking
recor...
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