Download plants

GRADE SIX
(2005 Standard 6-2)
Science Topic
PLANTS
KEY CONCEPTS & TERMS
(** for teacher/parent reference - not a student assignment)
KEY TERM:
DEFINITION:
Autotroph
provide / make their own food for energy through photosynthesis
Stimulus
a change in the environment that makes a living thing react;
e.g. light, gravity, touch, water, temperature
the reaction to a stimulus
Response
Reproduction / Reproduce
Egg
the ability of an organism to produce more organisms / offspring of the
same kind
the kind of reproduction from a part of a single living thing (needing one
parent part)
the kind of reproduction that results from the union of an egg and a
sperm (needing two parents)
a female reproductive cell; contained in the ovule of the flower
Sperm
a male reproductive cell; contained in pollen of the flower
Growth
process whereby the organism becomes larger
Development
process that results in the organism becoming more complex
Taxonomy
a system of categorizing organisms based on shared observable
characteristics
the broadest level of classification / taxonomy; the 5-kingdom system is
widely accepted
a classification of closely related organisms
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Kingdom
Genus
Phylum (pl. phyla)
Scientific name
the first further classification of a kingdom; sometimes referred to as
divisions in the plant kingdom
the smallest classification group; all organisms can produce offspring of
the same kind
the name of a organism made up of its genus and species
Nonvascular plants
plants without vessels to carry water, minerals, and food
Vascular plants
plants with tube-like vessels that carry water, minerals, and food
throughout the plant
 xylem – transports water and minerals from roots to the rest of the
plant
 phloem – transports food from the leaves to the rest of the plant
plants that reproduce through seeds; may be cone-bearing or flowering
plants
Species
Seed-producing plant
Seed
Spore-producing plants
Spore
Cone-bearing plants
Flowering-plants
Plant part that contains the embryo (the beginnings of roots, stem,
leaves), stored food (cotyledons) and seed coat from which a new plant
grows
plants that reproduce through spores, such as ferns and mosses
a single cell that grows into a new plant; the tiny reproductive cells in
mosses and ferns
trees or shrubs that produce seeds in cones; most are evergreen plants
Monocot
the variety of plants that grow seeds inside flowers; the flower may
become a fruit
the plant seed has one food part; the plant has identifying structures
Dicot
the plant seed has two food parts; the plant has identifying structures
Thorn
sharp outgrowths from the plant stem that help defend the plant
Thigmotropism
the response by leaves to close when touched
Plant poison
chemical substances designed to discourage animals from eating them
Leaf / Leaves
the part of the plant that collects sunlight and makes food
Stem
Root hairs
the part of the plant that supports the plant, stores food, allows for
movement of materials through vessels
the part of the plant that anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs water and
minerals, stores food
extensions along the roots that increase the root surface area
Flower
part of a seed-producing plant that produces seeds
Petals
Stamen
the kind of brightly colored leaves inside the sepals that surround the
reproductive organs, protecting and providing a place for visiting insects
the male part of a plant
Anther
the thick part on top of the stamen where pollen grains form
Pollen
Filament
the small, male reproductive body of a flowering, seed plant that
contains the sperm (male reproductive cells)
the slender stalk part of the stamen
Pistil
the female reproductive organ in a plant
Stigma
the part of the flower on which a pollen grain must stick in order for
fertilization to take place; part of the pistil (top part) where pollen lands
stalk-like part of the pistil (middle part) that connects the stigma and
ovary
contains the eggs in the plant’s female reproductive organs; the part of
the flower in which eggs develop
the part of the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization
Root
Style
Ovary
Ovule
Pollination
the process by which of pollen grains transfer from the stamen to the
stigma
Fertilization
when pollen from the stamen enters the ovule in the ovary of the flower
Germination
the growth of an embryo; the early stage of seed growth
Vegetative propagation
the process of growing new plants from plant parts; e.g. tubers, bulbs,
runners, cuttings, roots, leaves
the process in which plants use chlorophyll and light to make sugar/food
and oxygen
structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
Transpiration
a green substance in plants that absorbs the light from the sun so that
the plant can carry on photosynthesis
the process by which sugar/food is broken down when combined with
oxygen from the air
the loss of water vapor through the stomata of a leaf
Guard cells
the pair of specialized cells that border a stoma
Stomata
specialized pores in plant leaves that enable gas exchanges to occur
Dormancy
an inactive period of time when the plant or seed responds to harsh
conditions
the responses of a plant to its environment that involve growth /
movement -e.g.
 phototropism - plant growing toward light;
 gravitropism – plant roots growing downward;
 hydrotropism – plant growth toward water;
 thigmotropism – plant movement in response to touch.
a kingdom of organisms that do not contain chlorophyll; e.g. yeast,
mushrooms, and molds; cannot make their own food
Respiration
Tropism
Fungi
GRADE SIX
(2005 Standard 6-3)
Science Topic
ANIMALS
KEY CONCEPTS & TERMS
(** for teacher/parent reference - not a student assignment)
KEY TERM:
Animals
DEFINITION:
Heterotrophs
organisms in a kingdom that are made up of many cells and must obtain
food in order to survive (they cannot make their own food)
get energy by eating plants and animals
Vertebrates
animals with backbones; e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Invertebrates
Exoskeleton
animals without backbones; e.g. sponges, segmented worms,
echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods
the hard outer covering for some invertebrates
Adaptations
special features that enable an animal to survive in its environment
Camouflage
a hiding adaptation that allows an animal to blend in with its
surroundings because of coloring or body shape
a hiding adaptation that allows an animal to look like another organism
or its surroundings
warm-blooded; animals that maintain a constant internal temperature
Mimicry
Endothermic
Ectothermic
Response
cold-blooded; animals that do not maintain a constant internal
temperature – they must gain heat to perform internal activities
any change in an organism’s surroundings that will cause the organism
to react
the reaction to the stimulus; may be simple or complex
Behavior
a complex set of responses
Hibernation
a behavioral response to cold weather stimuli that causes some animals
to go into a very deep sleep in order to conserve food stored in the body
a behavioral response to cold weather stimuli that causes some animals
to travel to another place where the weather is warmer or they can find
food
an ability in some animals that is used to protect themselves;
e.g. camouflage, smell, stinger, ejection, mimicry, grouping
a behavioral process whereby adults of a species become mating pairs
Stimulus
Migration
Defense mechanism
Courtship
Internal stimuli
Learned behavior
Imprinting
Conditioning
cues from within an animal the help ensure survival; e.g. hunger, thirst,
sleep
behavior that has changed because of a certain experience or practice
behavior in which a newborn recognizes and follows the first moving
object its sees
behavior in which an animal learns due to positive and negative
responses to stimuli
Inherited behavior
Instinct
behavior that is passed on from parents to offspring without teaching/
training
a complex inherited behavior; e.g. birds building a special kind of nest
GRADE SIX
(2005 Standard 6-3)
Science Topic
EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE & WEATHER
KEY CONCEPTS & TERMS
(** for teacher/parent reference - not a student assignment)
KEY TERM:
DEFINITION:
Weather
the day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere
Troposphere
the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth; all weather occurs here
Stratosphere
The 2nd layer of Earth's atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to
an altitude of about 50km; the ozone layer is contained here
the 3rd layer of Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 50 kilometers
to about 80 kilometers above the earth's surface; the coldest layer
the 4th layer of the earth's atmosphere that begins at a height of about 80
kilometers; a very hot layer
the uppermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere that extends from about 550
kilometers above the earth's surface for thousands of kilometers
the force of gases pressing down on the surface of Earth
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Air pressure /
Atmospheric pressure
Water cycle
Evaporation
the continuous process of water evaporating, becoming cooled and
condensing, and then returning to the earth in the form of precipitation
the process of changing a liquid to a gas; water enters the atmosphere
Transpiration
plants release water vapor into the air
Condensation
the changing of a gas to a liquid; in the water cycle this occurs when
invisible water vapor changes into liquid water
occurs when water vapor condenses directly onto a surface
Dew
Frost
Freezing rain
occurs when water vapor changes from a gas directly to ice crystals when
the temperature at which condensing would take place is below freezing
water vapor that condenses into droplets which becomes heavy enough to
fall to the earth's surface from the clouds in the form of rain, snow, sleet,
freezing rain, or hail
water falling to the earth when condensation occurs and when water
molecules reach about 0.2mm in size
frozen particles of water vapor that fall to earth in the form of white,
crystalline flakes
rain falls and lands on cold surfaces and freezes
Sleet
raindrops that fall through layers of air that are below 30o
Hail
frozen raindrops that form when droplets freeze in layers around a small
nucleus of ice
the liquid water that drains off of the land's surface attempting to move
back toward sea level as surface water flow or groundwater flow
the temperature at which water vapor in the air condenses
Precipitation
Rain
Snow
Runoff
Dew point
Cloud
Cumulus clouds
Cumulonimbus clouds
Cirrus clouds
Stratus clouds
Nimbus
Fog
Air mass
High pressure
Low pressure
Front
Cold front
Warm front
Stationary front
Occluded front
Thunderstorm
Tornado
Hurricane
Humidity
Relative humidity
Barometer
Sling psychrometer
Meteorologist
Isobars
the formation of a visible mass in air where water condenses on tiny
particles such as airborne dust, salt, and ash
thick, fluffy clouds formed at medium or low elevation; usually an
indication of fair weather
larger and thicker cumulus clouds that are darker on the bottom that can
produce thunderstorms, lightning, and hail
feathery, wispy clouds high in the sky made of ice crystals often indicating
fair weather following imminent rain or snow
thick, flat, gray clouds low in the sky formed at medium and low
elevations; usually indicate light rain and drizzle
(When close to the ground, they form fog.)
means rain; can be included with the basic cloud shape name as a prefix
or suffix
clouds that form at or near the ground
a large body of air that has the same amount of moisture (humidity) and
pressure throughout
the condition of the atmosphere associated with fair weather where the
cool and dry air is descending and air particles are close together
the condition of the atmosphere associated with heavy clouds and
precipitation where warmer air particles are rising and moving farther apart
allowing the air to hold more moisture
the meeting of two air masses having different properties and that do not
mix readily
a formation that occurs when a mass of cold air meets and pushes under
a mass of warm air creating violent storms followed by cool weather
a formation that occurs when a mass of warm air overtakes a cold air
mass and moves over it forming rain and showers - hot, humid weather
a front that occurs when a warm air mass meets a cold air mass and no
movement occurs (can result in rainfall for many days)
a front that occurs when a cold front travels faster than a warm front and
overtakes the warm front. It may also occur when cool air overtakes a
cold front and warm air is pushed upward producing less extreme weather
than a cold front or a warm front.
a storm with thunder, lightning, heavy rains, and strong winds; usually
form along a cold front
a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down that reaches
down from a storm cloud
a powerful cyclone (low pressure area that contains rising warm air) that
forms over a tropical ocean
the amount of water vapor in the air
the measure of the amount of water vapor in the air compared to the total
amount it has room for; e.g. 50% means air is holding 50% of what it
could hold.
an instrument used to measure air pressure
an instrument with two thermometers, one with a wet bulb on the end,
used to determine relative humidity
a person who collects and analyzes weather data in order to make
weather predictions/forecasts from the data
lines on a weather map that connect areas of equal atmospheric pressure
Isotherms
lines on a weather map that connect areas of equal temperature readings
Station Model
a symbol on a weather map that includes information about cloud cover,
wind speed and direction, temperature, precipitation, (and other data)
taken at a particular weather station
energy that comes to Earth directly from the Sun
Solar energy
Radiation
Sea breeze
the way in which energy, including heat, travels through empty space (e.g.
solar energy)
the trapping of the Sun’s heat in Earth’s atmosphere; solar energy that is
absorbed by Earth’s land and water is changed to heat that moves back
into the atmosphere where gases absorb the heat
the way in which heat travels in liquids and gases allowing warm particles
to expand/become lighter and rise and cool particles to contract/become
heavier and sink causing circulation of heat energy
the general conditions of temperature and precipitation for an area over a
long period of time
moving air, especially a natural and perceptible movement of air parallel to
or along the ground
convection regions in Earth’s atmosphere and the spinning of Earth on its
axis cause winds to blow in prevailing directions around Earth
the wind belt above the equator blowing in a steady northeast direction
and below the equator blowing in a steady southeast direction
(easterlies = east to west)
the prevailing wind belt over much of the middle and higher latitudes
where the winds blow generally from the west toward the east
(westerlies = west to east)
the wind belt where cold, dry, heavy air in both hemispheres between the
50o and 60o latitudes and the poles causes winds to move air from the
poles toward the west (easterlies = east to west)
a breeze coming from the sea toward the land
Land breeze
a breeze coming from the land toward the sea
Jet stream
a narrow belt of strong, high-speed, high-pressure air flowing from west to
east around Earth
circulations of warm and cold ocean waters in convection patterns
Greenhouse effect
Convection
Climate
Wind
Global winds
Trade winds
Westerly winds
Polar winds
Surface currents
GRADE SIX
(2005 Standard 6-4)
Science Topic
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
KEY CONCEPTS & TERMS
(** for teacher/parent reference - not a student assignment)
KEY TERM:
Energy
DEFINITION:
Chemical energy
the ability to cause changes in matter; involves either motion or position;
can be in many different forms
the energy of moving particles of matter (example: electrical and
chemical energy can be used to produce heat)
energy from the Sun that provides light and heat for Earth; solar energy
can be used to generate electricity
the energy stored in chemicals, fossil fuels, and substances that can burn
Electrical energy
the energy flowing in an electric circuit (source: batteries, generators)
Mechanical energy
Kinetic energy
the energy of moving objects (e.g. any moving object, falling water,
moving machine parts)
the energy something has because it is moving
Potential energy
the energy something stores because of position or structure
Law of Conservation
of Energy
Magnetism
the amount of energy you start with is the amount of energy you end with;
the amount of energy always stays the same though its form may change
the force of attraction or repulsion of magnetic materials
Magnetic field
the area surrounding a magnet that applies magnetic force
Electromagnet
a coil of wire that uses an electric current to make strong magnetic force
Generator
a machine that changes one form of energy to another, especially
mechanical energy into electrical energy; produces an electric current
when a coil of wire wrapped around an iron core is rotated near a magnet
a device that changes electrical energy into mechanical energy; contains
an electromagnet
the path through which electricity flows; electricity on a circuit can change
to light, sound, heat, or motion by devices/loads added to the circuit
the transfer of heat between objects that are touching, or from one part of
an object to another
the transfer of heat that happens when the particles of a gas or liquid flow
within the material itself
the transfer of energy through space without any particles of matter
touching or moving
occurs on a object when a force causes the object to move a distance;
the object must move in response to the force
a metric unit of measurement that tells the strength of a force
Heat energy
Solar energy
Motor
Electrical circuit
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Work
newton
Machines
a device that makes work easier by reducing the amount of effort force or
changing the direction in which the force is exerted
Effort force
the force applied over a distance
Simple machines
any tool that is made up of only one or two parts
Lever
Load
a simple machine made up of a rigid bar making contact with a single
pivot point called a fulcrum
the weight or object that is moved using a simple machine
Fulcrum
the point at which a lever is supported
Effort arm / distance
Pulley
the distance on a lever from the point at which the effort force is applied
to the fulcrum
a simple machine consisting of a rope that passes over a grooved wheel
Inclined plane
a simple machine consisting a slanted, flat surface
Complex machine
a device that uses two or more simple machines