Download TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

Medical Terminology for Health Professions
Ann Ehrlich/Carol L.Schroeder
7th Edition
The Urinary System
Chapter 9
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Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the
Urinary System
Major Structures
Kidneys
Related Combining
Forms
nephr/o,ren/o
Renal Pelvis
pyel/o
Urine
ur/o, urin/o
Ureters
ureter/o
Urinary Bladder
cyst/o
Urethra
urethr/o
Prostate
prostat/o
Primary Functions
Filter the blood to remove
waste products, maintain
electrolyte concentrations,
and remove excess water to
maintain the fluid volume
within the body.
Collects urine produced by
the kidneys.
Liquid waste products to be
excreted.
Transport urine from the
kidneys to the bladder.
Stores urine until it is
excreted.
Transports urine from the
bladder through the urethral
meatus, where it is excreted.
A gland of the male
reproductive system that
surrounds the male urethra.
Disorders of this gland can
disrupt the flow of urine.
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Primary Structures of the Urinary System
The urinary system, also referred to as the urinary tract,
consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a
urethra. The adrenal glands, which are part of the
endocrine system, are located on the top of the kidneys.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system performs many functions that are important in maintaining
homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process through which the body maintains a
constant internal environment (home/o means constant, and -stasis means
control). These functions include:
• Maintaining the proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body by filtering the
blood as it flows through the kidneys.
• Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste
materials from the bloodstream.Urea (you-REE-ah) is the major waste product of
protein metabolism. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism.
• Converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and
excrete them from the body via the urinary bladder.
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Kidneys
•
Primary Functions
–
Filter the blood to remove waste products
–
Maintain electrolyte concentrations
–
Remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume
within the body
The kidneys constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water. These are excreted as urine, which
is 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes.
About 200 quarts of blood are processed every day, producing an average of 2 quarts of urine. The kidneys also help
the body maintain the proper level of fluid, produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood
cells, and activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones.
•
The term renal (REE-nal) means pertaining to the kidneys (ren means kidney or kidneys, and -al means
pertaining to).
•
The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, with one on each side of the vertebral
column below the diaphragm and the lower edge of the rib cage. Retroperitoneal means behind the
peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
•
The renal cortex (REE-nal KOR-tecks) is the outer region of the kidney. This layer of tissue contains more
than one million microscopic units called nephrons. The term cortex means the outer portion of an organ.
•
The medulla (meh-DULL-ah) is the inner region of the kidney, and it contains most of the urine-collecting
tubules. A tubule is a small tube.
(continues)
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Kidneys
(continues)
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Kidneys
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– nephr/o
– ren/o
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Nephrons
The nephrons (NEF-ronz) are the microscopic functional units of each kidney. It is here that urine is produced
through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Reabsorption is the return to the blood of some of
the substances that were removed during filtration.
•
Each nephron contains a glomerulus (gloh-MER-you-lus), which is a cluster of capillaries (plural, glomeruli),
surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule, and a renal tubule.
•
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and flows into the nephrons.
•
After passing through the filtration system of the glomerulus, the filtered blood containing protein and blood cells
leaves the kidney and returns to the bloodstream through the renal vein.
•
The remaining filtrate flows into the renal tubules, where elements, including some water, sugar, and salts, are
returned to the bloodstream via a nearby capillary.
•
Remaining waste products are continuously converted into urine, which is transported to the renal pelvis and
collected in preparation for entry into the ureters.
•
If waste products are not efficiently removed from the bloodstream, the body cannot maintain homeostasis, with
a stable balance of salts and other substances.
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Renal Pelvis
•
•
Primary Function
– Collects urine produced by the kidney
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– pyel/o
– The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is
surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed
urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters.
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Ureters
•
Primary Function
– Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
•
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– ureter/o
The ureters (you-REE-ters) are two narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long,
which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. Peristalsis, which is a series
of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder. (Peristalsis
is also part of the digestive process, as described in Chapter 8.)
Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the ureteral orifices in the wall
of the urinary bladder. Orifice means opening.
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Urinary Bladder
•
•
•
•
Primary Function
– Stores urine until it is excreted
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– cyst/o
– The urinary bladder is an oval, hollow muscular organ that is a
reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
The bladder is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the
pubic symphysis. The average adult bladder stores more than one pint of
urine.
Like the stomach, the bladder is lined with rugae. These folds allow it to
expand when full and contract when empty.
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Urinary Bladder
(continues)
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Urethra
•
Primary Function
–
Transports urine from the bladder through the
urethral meatus, where it is excreted from the body
•
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
–
urethr/o
The urethra (you-REE-thrah) is the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body. Caution: the
spellings ofureter and urethra are very similar! You may find it helpful to remember that the ureter comes first,
both anatomically and alphabetically.
•
There are two urinary sphincters, one located at either end of the urethra. These muscular rings control the
flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra, and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus.
A sphincter is a ring-like muscle that closes a passageway .
•
The urethral meatus (you-REE-thrahl mee-AY-tus), also known as the urinary meatus, is the external
opening of the urethra. The term meatus means the external opening of a canal.
•
The female urethra is approximately 1.5 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located between the clitoris
and the opening of the vagina (see Chapter 14). In the female, the urethra conveys only urine.
•
The male urethra is approximately 8 inches long, and the urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis. This
urethra transports both urine and semen.
•
The prostate gland (PROS-tayt), which is part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra. Most
disorders of the prostate affect the male's ability to urinate. For more information about the role of the prostate
gland in reproduction, see Chapter 14.
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Urine
•
Primary Function
– Liquid waste product produced by the kidney
that is to be excreted
•
Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– ur/o, urin/o
Urination, also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting
urine.
• As the bladder fills up with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra,
resulting in the urge to urinate or micturate.
• Urination requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and
relaxation of the sphincters. This action forces the urine through the urethra and out
through the urethral meatus.
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Prostate
• Primary Function
– A gland of the male prostate system that surrounds
the male urethra
– Disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– prostat/o
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MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE
URINARY SYSTEM
• A nephrologist (neh-FROL-oh-jist) is a physician who
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and
disorders of the kidneys (nephr means kidney, and ologist means specialist).
• A urologist (you-ROL-oh-jist) is a physician who
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and
disorders of the urinary system of females and the
genitourinary system of males (ur means urine, and ologist means specialist).
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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
•Urinalysis (you-rih-NAL-ih-sis) is the examination of urine to determine the
presence of abnormal elements (urinmeans urine, and -analysis means a study of the
parts). These tests, which are used to diagnose diseases as well as to detect the presence
of substances such as illegal drugs, are discussed further in Chapter 15.
•A bladder ultrasound is the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for
stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate, and to measure the
residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. A normal bladder
holds between 300 and 400 mL of urine. When more than this amount is still present
after urination, the bladder is described as being distended, or enlarged.
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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
• Urinary catheterization (kath-eh-ter-eye-ZAY-shun) is the insertion of a tube into the bladder
to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. It is also used to drain urine from the bladder
when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons. Another use is to place medication into the
bladder. (See the later section “Treatment Procedures for the Urinary Bladder.”)
• Cystoscopy (sis-TOS-koh-pee) is the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a
specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope (cyst/o means bladder, and -scopy means
visual examination) (Figure 9.11). Anendoscope is an instrument used for visual examination of
internal structures. A specialized cystoscope is also used for treatment procedures such as the
removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland.
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DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
•
•
Voiding cystourethrography (sis-toh-you-ree-THROG-rah-fee) is a diagnostic
procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the
bladder and through the urethra (cyst/o means bladder,urethr/o means urethra,
and -graphy means the process of producing a picture or record). This procedure is
often performed after cystography.
Computed tomography, also known as a CAT scan, is more commonly used as a
primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed
and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential
sources for the patient's symptoms. Nephrotomography is the use of a CAT scan
to examine the kidneys.
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Radiographic Examinations of the Urinary
System
•Cystography (sis-TOG-rah-fee) is a radiographic, or x-ray, examination of the bladder after a
contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter (cyst/o means bladder, and -graphy means the
process of creating a picture or record). The resulting film is a cystogram.
•An intravenous pyelogram (in-trah-VEE-nus PYE-eh-loh-gram) (IVP), also known
as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters (pyel/o means renal
pelvis, and -gram means a picture or record). A contrast medium is administered intravenously to
clearly define these structures in the resulting image. This examination is used to diagnose changes in
the urinary tract resulting from nephroliths, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors, and internal
injuries after an abdominal trauma
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Radiographic Examinations of the Urinary
System
•
•
A KUB (Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) is a radio-graphic study without the use of a contrast
medium. This study, also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen, is used to detect bowel
obstructions and nephroliths. Despite its name, a KUB x-ray does not show the ureters.
Retrograde urography is a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium
has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the
urinary tract (ur/o means urine, and graphy means the process of creating a picture or
record). Retrograde means moving backward.
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Diagnostic Procedures of the Prostate Gland
•
•
A digital rectal examination is performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed
in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for
indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum. In this context, the term digital means
using a finger. Palpate means the use of touch to examine a body part.
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer. This test
measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in a blood specimen.
The prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland to help
liquefy semen. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely cancer is present.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Medications
• Diuretics (dye-you-RET-icks) are medications administered to increase urine
secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt. Some foods and drinks,
such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages, also have a diuretic effect.
• Other drugs used to treat urinary tract problems include antibiotics for urinary
tract infections and antispasmodics to block the signals that cause urinary
incontinence.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Dialysis
Dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis) is a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea, creatinine, as well as excess water from the blood of a patient whose
kidneys no longer function (dia- means complete or through, and -lysis means separation). The two types of dialysis in common use
are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Patients can sometimes choose the type of long-term dialysis they prefer.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis (hee-moh-dye-AL-ih-sis) is the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood (hem/o means
blood, dia means complete or through, and -lysis means separation). Treatment is performed on an external hemodialysis unit commonly referred to as
an artificial kidney (Figure 9.13). Hemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis.
•
A shunt implanted in the patient's arm is connected to the hemodialysis unit, and arterial blood flows through the filters of the unit. A shunt is an
artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body and the hemodialysis unit.
•
The filters contain dialysate, which is a sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste
products and excess fluids.
•
Electrolytes are the salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue, and blood.
•
The cleansed blood is returned to the body through a vein.
•
These treatments each take several hours and must be repeated about three times a week.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Dialysis
In peritoneal dialysis (pehr-ih-toh-NEE-al dye-AL-ih-sis) the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to
remove waste from the blood. The dialysate, which is a sterile solution containing glucose, flows into the peritoneal
cavity around the intestine through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. This fluid is left in for a period of time
to absorb waste products and then drained out through the tube.
The process is normally repeated several times during the day and can be done using an automated system. This type
of dialysis has some advantages: for example, it can be done at home by the patient. However, it is considered less
effective than hemodialysis (Figure 9.14).
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Dialysis
• Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis provides ongoing dialysis as the
patient goes about his or her daily activities. In this procedure, a dialysate solution is
instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient's clothing. About every 4
hours, the used solution is drained back into this bag and the bag is discarded. A new
bag is then attached, the solution is instilled, and the process continues.
• Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis uses a machine to cycle the dialysate
fluid during the night while the patient sleeps.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
The Kidneys
• Nephrolysis (neh-FROL-ih-sis) is the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
(nephr/o means kidney, and-lysis means setting free). An adhesion is a band of fibers that holds
structures together abnormally.
•Note: The suffix -lysis means setting free; however, it also means destruction. Therefore, the
term nephrolysis can also describe a pathologic condition in which there is destruction of renal cells.
•A nephropexy (NEF-roh-peck-see), also known as nephrorrhaphy, is the surgical fixation
of nephroptosis, or a floating kidney (nephr/o means kidney, and -pexy means surgical fixation).
•A nephrostomy (neh-FROS-toh-mee) is the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening
from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body (nephr means kidney, and ostomy means creating an opening). In a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows urine from
the kidney to be drained directly through the lower back. Nephrostomy tubes are also used to gain
access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures.
• Pyeloplasty (PYE-eh-loh-plas-tee) is the surgical repair of the ureter and renal pelvis
(pyel/o means the renal pelvis, and -plasty means surgical repair). Hydronephrosis can cause
damage to the ureter and renal pelvis.
•A pyelotomy (pye-eh-LOT-oh-mee) is a surgical incision into the renal pelvis (pyel means
the renal pelvis, and-otomy means surgical incision). This procedure is performed to correct
obstructions such as a stone lodged in the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
•Renal transplantation, commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting
of a donor kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, into the body to replace the
recipient's failed kidneys. Kidney donors need to be genetically similar to the recipient,
although a tissue match increases the success rate. A single transplanted kidney is
capable of adequately performing all kidney functions and frees the patient from the
need for dialysis (Figure 9.15).
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Treatment of Nephroliths
Most small nephroliths (kidney stones) pass out of the urinary tract naturally
over a period of two days to three weeks. This process can be quite painful and
is sometimes accompanied by vomiting due to the pain. Larger stones may
require surgical intervention.
• Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ecks-trah-kor-POUR-eeal LITH-oh-trip-see) (ESWL) is the most common kidney stone treatment
(lith/o means stone, and -tripsy means to crush). High-energy ultrasonic
waves traveling through water or gel are used to break up the stone into
fragments, which are then excreted in the urine. Extracorporeal means
situated or occurring outside the body (Figure 9.16). Lithotripsy is also used to
break up calculi in the ureter, bladder, or urethra.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Treatment of Nephroliths
Most small nephroliths (kidney stones) pass out of the urinary tract naturally
over a period of two days to three weeks. This process can be quite painful and
is sometimes accompanied by vomiting due to the pain. Larger stones may
require surgical intervention.
• A percutaneous nephrolithotomy (per-kyou-TAY-nee-us nef-roh-lihTHOT-oh-mee) is the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision
in the back (nephr/o means kidney, lith means stone, and -otomy means
surgical incision). A small tube is temporarily inserted through the incision
into the kidney. First urine is removed; then the stone is crushed and the
pieces are removed. This procedure is used if ESWL has not been successful, if
an infection is present, or if the stone is particularly large. Percutaneous means
performed through the skin.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
The Ureters
•A ureterectomy (you-reh-ter-ECK-toh-mee) is the surgical removal of a
ureter (ureter means ureter, and -ectomy means surgical removal).
•Ureteroplasty (you-REET-er-oh-plas-tee) is the surgical repair of a
ureter (ureter/o means ureter, and -plastymeans surgical repair).
• Ureterorrhaphy (you-reet-eh-ROAR-ah-fee) is the surgical suturing
of a ureter (ureter/o means ureter, and-rrhaphy means surgical suturing).
•Ureteroscopy (you-reet-eh-ROS-koh-pee) is a treatment for a nephrolith
lodged in the ureter (ureter/o means ureter, and -scopy means visual
examination). A specialized instrument called a ureteroscope is inserted
through the urethra and bladder into the ureter. If possible, the nephrolith is
removed intact through the scope. If the stone is too large, a laser is used to
break it up and the pieces are then removed.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
The Urinary Bladder
•A cystectomy (sis-TECK-toh-mee) is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.
This procedure is usually performed to treat bladder cancer (cyst means bladder, and ectomy means surgical removal).
•A neobladder (NEE-oh-blad-er) is a replacement for the missing bladder created by using about
20 inches of the small intestine. It allows patients to avoid having an abdominal stoma.
•An ileal conduit (ill-ee-al KON-doo-it), or ileostomy, is the use of a small piece of intestine to
convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen (ile means ileum or small intestine, and al means pertaining to).
• Cystopexy (sis-toh-peck-see) is the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
(cyst/o means bladder, and -pexy means surgical fixation).
•Cystorrhaphy (sis-TOR-ah-fee) is the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
(cyst/o means bladder, and -rrhaphy means surgical suturing).
•A lithotomy (lih-THOT-oh-mee) is a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the
bladder (lith means stone, and -otomy means surgical incision). Although this surgery is no longer
common, its name is still used to describe a physical examination position for procedures involving
the pelvis and lower abdomen (see Chapter 15).
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
URINARY CATHETERIZATION
Urinary catheterization, also known as cathing, is performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic
purposes, to allow urine to drain freely, or to place a fluid such as a chemotherapy solution into
the bladder (Figure 9.16). Note that the termcatheterization may also refer to inserting a tube
into the heart (see Chapter 5).
•
An indwelling catheter remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need (Figure
9.17A). Indwellingmeans residing within. This can be either a urethral or a suprapubic
catheter.
•Urethral catheterization is performed by inserting a plastic tube called a catheter though the
urethra and into the bladder.
•
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
URINARY CATHETERIZATION
Suprapubic catheterization (soo-prah-PYOU-bick kath-eh-ter-eye-ZAY-shun) is the
placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal
wall just above the pubic bone (Figure 9.17B).
•A Foley catheter is the most common type of indwelling catheter. This device is made of a flexible
tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder. It is
commonly used on postsurgical patients.
•An intermittent catheter, also known as a short-term catheter, is inserted as needed several
times a day to drain urine from the bladder.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
The Urethra
•A meatotomy (mee-ah-TOT-oh-mee) is a surgical incision made
in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening (meat means meatus,
and -otomy means surgical incision).
• Urethropexy (you-REE-throh-peck-see) is the surgical
fixation of the urethra to nearby tissue (urethr/omeans urethra,
and -pexy means surgical fixation). This procedure is usually
performed to correct urinary stress incontinence.
•A urethrotomy (you-reh-THROT-oh-mee) is a surgical
incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture (urethr means
urethra, and -otomy means surgical incision). A stricture is an
abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage.
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Prostate Treatment
Ablation (ab-LAY-shun) is the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer. This treatment involves the
removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals,
electrocautery, or other methods. Electrocautery is the use of high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue.
•A prostatectomy (pros-tah-TECK-toh-mee) is the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland (prostatmeans
prostate, and -ectomy means surgical removal). This procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged
prostate gland; however, this treatment can lead to erectile difficulties.
•A radical prostatectomy is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland in cases where it is extremely enlarged or
when cancer is suspected.
•A transurethral prostatectomy, also known as a TURP, is the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate
gland with the use of a resecto-scope. A resectoscope is a specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a
cystoscope (Figure 9.18).
•
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TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Prostate Treatment
Retrograde ejaculation is when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the
bladder instead of out through the penis. This is a common side effect of the transurethral
prostatectomy. Retrograde means moving backward.
•
Radiation therapy and hormone therapy are additional treatments used to control
prostate cancer. Watchful waiting is often the prescribed course of action in older patients
because this disease normally progresses slowly.
URINARY INCONTINENCE TREATMENT
•
Kegel exercises, which were named for Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises
used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. They are used to control urinary stress
incontinence in both sexes, in men to treat prostate pain and swelling, and in women to condition
the muscles so that they will recover quickly after childbirth.
•
Bladder retraining is behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule,
with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to
reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results
from urge incontinence.
•
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ABBREVIATIONS RELATED TO THE URINARY
SYSTEM
Acute renal failure = ARF
ARF = acute renal failure
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), =
BPH
BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia
catheterization = cath
cath = catheterization
Chronic kidney disease = CKD
CKD = chronic kidney disease
Cystoscopy = cysto
cysto = cystoscopy
digital rectal examination = DRE
DRE = digital rectal examination
End-stage renal disease = ESRD
ESRD = end-stage renal disease
intravenous pyelogram = IVP
IVP = intravenous pyelogram
Polycystic kidney disease = PKD
PKD = polycystic kidney disease
transurethral resection of the
prostate= TURP
TURP = transurethral resection of the
prostate
urinary tract infection = UTI
UTI = urinary tract infection
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-cele
– hernia, tumor, swelling
cyst/o
– urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
dia– through, between, apart, complete
-ectasis
– stretching, dilation, enlargement
glomerul/o
– glomerulus
lith/o
– stone, calculus
-lysis
– breakdown, separation, setting
free, destruction,
loosening
nephr/o
– kidney
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
pexy
– surgical fixation
pyel/o
– renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
-tripsy
– to crush
ur/o
– urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
– ureter
urethr/o
– urethra
-uria
– urination, urine
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(continues)
Questions
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Question
The medulla is the inner region of the kidney.
It is also the name of a section of what other
body part?
a. intestines
b. brainstem
c. heart
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Answer
b. brainstem
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Question
The tube extending from the bladder to the
outside of the body is the:
a. ureter
b. urethra
c. ureta
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Answer
b. urethra (Think of it as being further from the
kidneys than the ureter.)
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Question
Nocturnal enuresis is also known as bedwetting.
True or False?
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Answer
True
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Question
Hemodialysis is the process by which cancer
cells are filtered directly from the patient’s blood.
True or False?
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Answer
False: Hemodialysis is the process by which
waste products are filtered from the patient’s
blood.
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Answers to Learning Exercises
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Chapter 9 Answers
Matching Word Parts 1
9.1. cyst/o
9.2. glomerul/o
9.3. -cele
9.4. nephr/o
9.5. lith/o
Matching Word Parts 2
9.6. ur/o
9.7. pyel/o
9.8. -lysis
9.9. -pexy
9.10. -tripsy
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Chapter 9 Answers
Matching Word Parts 3
9.11. dia9.12. -ectasis
9.13. ureter/o
9.14. urethr/o
9.15. -uria
Definitions
9.16. ureters
9.17. cystolith
9.18. diuresis
9.19. renal pelvis
9.20. urethra
9.21. nephrons
9.22. urethra
9.23. urologist
9.24. epispadias
9.25. ablation
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Chapter 9 Answers
Matching Structures
9.26. urethral meatus
9.27. glomerulus
9.28. renal cortex
9.29. urethra
9.30. ureters
Which Word?
9.31. pyelotomy
9.32. ureterorrhagia
9.33. polyuria
9.34. cystitis
9.35. urea
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Chapter 9 Answers
Spelling Counts
9.36. Wilms
9.37. incontinence
9.38. catheterization
9.39. Kegel
9.40. vesicovaginal
Abbreviation Identification
9.41. benign prostatic
hyperplasia
9.42. end-stage renal disease
9.43. extracorporeal
shockwave lithotripsy
9.44. intravenous pyelogram
9.45. overactive bladder
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Chapter 9 Answers
Term Selection
9.46. anuria
9.47. cystorrhaphy
9.48. nephrolysis
9.49. oliguria
9.50. hemodialysis
Sentence Completion
9.51. nephritis
9.52. ureterolith
9.53. suprapubic catheterization
9.54. cystopexy
9.55. transurethral prostatectomy
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Chapter 9 Answers
Word Surgery
9.56. hyper-, protein, -uria
9.57. hydr/o, nephr, -osis
9.58. cyst/o, urethr/o, -graphy
9.59. nephr/o, lith, -otomy
9.60. ureter/o, -rrhaphy
True/False
9.61. True
9.62. False
9.63. False
9.64. True
9.65. True
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Chapter 9 Answers
Clinical Conditions
9.66. nocturia
9.67. polycystic
9.68. interstitial cystitis
9.69. urethrostenosis
9.70. epispadias
9.71. peritoneal dialysis
9.72. ureteroplasty
9.73. prostate-specific antigen
9.74. glomerulonephritis
9.75. nephroptosis
Which Is the Correct Medical
Term?
9.76. uremia
9.77. nocturnal enuresis
9.78. ureterectasis
9.79. hypoproteinemia
9.80. nephrologist
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Chapter 9 Answers
Challenge Word Building
9.81. cystostomy
9.82. nephrotomy
9.83. nephrosclerosis
9.84. cystoptosis
9.85. urethrocele
9.86. ureterolysis
9.87. nephromalacia
9.88. pyelonephritis
9.89. urethrostomy
9.90. cystoplasty
Labeling Exercises
9.91. adrenal
9.92. kidney
9.93. vena cava
9.94. urethra
9.95. cortex
9.96. medulla
9.97. aorta
9.98. ureters
9.99. bladder
9.100. meatus
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