Download Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Climates and Ecosystems
Bell Work
 Get Books/Map Folders
 Grab Colored Pencils
 Grab sheets in back
 Fill in Ch. 2 map using part II of unit
check list
Weather and Climate
 Weather
 The condition of the bottom layer of the
earth’s atmosphere in one place over a short
period of time
 Almost constant state of change.
 Examples
 Warm, dry, and Calm
 Cold, snowy, and windy
Weather and Climate
 Climate
 Weather patterns that an
area typically experiences
over a long period of time.
 Depends on many factors
 Elevation, latitude,
location/relation to
landforms and bodies of
water
 Examples:
 Denver, Colorado: what
could affect their climate?
 Proximity to Rocky
mountains, higher
elevation
Weather and Climate
 Can be in a constant state of change?
 Weather
 Can change but is more gradual and over
longer period of time
 Climate
 What is meant by this statement?
 “Climate is what you expect; weather is what you
get”
 Climate is based on patterns and can be more predictable
 Weather changes constantly, even from day-day, and you
have to live with it and adjust.
Sun and the Earth
 This is the ultimate
source of the earth’s
climates
 Sun
 Why is the sun essential
to life on earth?
 It gives off light/energy
essential to survival of
plants/animals
Greenhouse effect
 Only a small amount of solar radiation reaches earth’s
atmosphere
 Some radiation is reflected back into space by the
earth’s surface/atmosphere
 Enough remains/trapped from escaping too fast to
warm the earth’s land/water
 Why is this called the Greenhouse effect?
 Compared to greenhouses that trap sun’s warmth with glass
walls/roofs; much like atmosphere
 Why is this important
 Without this effect he earth would be too cold for most living
things
Lesson Closing
 Work on HW packet
 Work on some of section 1 Guided
Reading and Review
Bell Work: Answer The ?s
 Process that helps keep some of sun’s heat in
atmosphere?
 Greenhouse Effect
 Ultimate Source of Earth’s climates
 Sun
 Condition of Atmosphere of a certain area over short
period of time
 Weather
 Weather patterns of an area over a longer time period
 Climate
 Read ahead for ecosystems or look at Project sheet
 Complete map and map activity!! (keep in folders)
Friday: Bell Work
 Everyone grab a colored pencil
 Grade Map Tests Together
 Grab sheets from back (3)
 Staple together
Rotation/Revolution
 Not all places get same heat/light
 Day/Night, seasons/climates are all
dependant upon relative positions of the
sun/earth determined by its rotation
 Rotation
 Earth moves through space spinning on its
axis like a top
Rotation
 Axis: invisible line from
pole-pole
 Completes one rotation
every 24 hours
 Day= side facing sun
 Night= side away from
sun
 Rotation
 Sun Spins from west-east
Revolution
 Also revolves around the Sun in circular
path called an orbit
 Revolution
 One complete orbit
 Happens every 365 ¼ days
 Adding an extra day every 4 yrs accounts for
that.
Revolution
 Earth is tilted at 23 ½ degrees on its axis
 Two latitudes that receive most direct
sunlight.
 Tropic of Cancer: @ 23 ½ N
 Tropic of Capricorn: @ 23 ½ S
Solstice
 Either of the two times of the year when sun
appears directly overhead at Tropics of Cancer
or Capricorn
 Two types
 Winter/Summer Solstice
 If the Tropic of Cancer is in the Northern
Hemisphere, and it is receiving direct rays from the
sun. What season would the U.S. be in?
 Summer b/c the U.S. is in the Northern Hemisphere
Equinoxes
 Either of the two times of the year when the
days/nights are of near equal length
everywhere on earth.
 Happens during what seasons?
 Fall and Spring
 What would the four markers for seasonal
change be then?
 Fall/Spring equinoxes, and Summer/Winter
solstices.
Closing
 Finish up any of atlas activity
 Answer any of section 1 quiz or GR
 Begin looking
Bell Work: Be able to
Answer
 This is one of two times of year when
days/nights are of near equal length
 Equinox
 One complete orbit is a ???
 Revolution
 This is the earth spinning on its axis like a top?
 Rotation
 The earth rotates in what directions
 West to East
Latitudes and Climates
 Tropical Zones: Lower latitude zones
 Equator to 23 ½ N and S
 Hot year Round
 Temperate Zones: Middle latitude zones
 23 ½ to 66 ½ N and S of Equator
 Cooler; with wide range of temperatures
 Polar Zones: Higher Latitude Zones
 66 ½ to poles N and S of Equator
 Cool to Bitterly cold
Climate Zones
 Which Zone is
Green?
 Temperate
 Which Zone is Red
 Tropical
 Which Zone is Blue
 Polar
Distributing Sun’s Heat
 Distributed by a process called
convection
 Convection
 Transfer of Heat from one place to another.
 This happens because warm gases/liquids
are lighter than cooler ones
 So cool one’s sink and displace the lighter
warmer gases/liquids
Methods of Redistribution
 Movements of air are called winds
 Movements of water are called currents
Movements of Wind
 Atmospheric Pressure is the weight of the
atmosphere overhead
 Rising Warm air creates areas of low pressure
 Falling cool air causes high pressure areas.
 Winds move from high pressure to low
pressure areas, helping to redistribute some of
the earth’s heat.
Wind Patterns
 In each latitude zone, both temperature and
pressure combine to create a pattern of
prevailing or dominate winds.
 Light Winds:
 Take place at the Equator (called Doldrums)
 At 30 N & S where cool air sinks
 Called Horse-latitudes
 Trade Winds:
 Heavy blowing winds b.t. Equator and Horse-lat’s
 Named for the reliance trade ships had on them.
Currents
 Waters of Oceans also help distribute
heat
 Follows similar convection patterns of
wind.
 These are called currents.
 Currents are influenced by winds and the
Coriolis effect (deflection of wind/water
caused by earth’s rotation)
Precipitation
 Precipitation is all forms of water that falls
from the atmosphere
 Three types of precipitation
 Convectional
 Orographic
 Frontal
Convectional
 When hot humid air
rises from the earth’s
surface and cools,
losing its ability to
retain much water.
 Common near the
equator
Orographic Precipitation
 When warm, moist
air is forced upward
when passing over
high landforms
 Common on coasts
where moist winds
blow toward coastal
mountains.
Frontal Precipitation
 Most common type
 When two fronts (air
masses) of different
temperatures meet.
 Warm air forced up
by heavier cooler air,
cools, and falls as
precipitation.
Other Influences on
Climate
 Nearby bodies of water
 Land/water store heat at different rates
 Wind that goes over water can pick up its
temperatures and bring them towards lands
 This process can moderate land temperatures
 Continental Climate
 Climate found in central areas of northern
hemisphere continents. Characterized by snowy
winters and warm/hot summers
Climate Influences
 Elevation
 Air temperature decreases around 3.5
degrees f. for every 1,000 feet in elevation
 Can have a dramatic effect on climate in
highland areas, no matter location
 Nearby Landforms
 Mountains, deserts, lakes, even tall buildings
and lots of concrete can effect climates.
Lesson Closing
 Answer caption questions on pages 66-67
 Which prevailing winds arise in the polar
zones?
 Polar easterlies
 Which ocean current moves north along
Africa’s west coast?
 Benguela current
 Complete Sect. 1 Worksheets
 Work on Project
Review
 Doldrums are what located near/on the equator
 Areas with light to no wind
 Types of winds found from equator to horse-latitudes
 Trade-winds
 Type of precipitation caused by warm air being pushed upward by
high landform
 Orographic
 When different temperature air masses collide they create what?
 Frontal Precipitation
 Wind travels from ______ pressure to _____ pressure areas.
 High to Low
 Process by which heat is distributed; transferred from one area to
another?
 Convection
Sept. 15 Bell Work
 Be able to answer these questions!!!!
 Process that distributes heat from sun around earth?
 Convection
 Most common type of precipitation
 Rain
 One complete orbit around sun
 Revolution
 Climate describes what?
 Weather patterns
 Day when sun is directly over-head at one of tropics
 Solstice
Chapter 2
Section 2
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
 Interaction of plant
life, animal life, and
the physical
environment in which
they live
Biomes
 Geographers
classify ecosystems
by their natural plant
and animal life
 Biome:
 Term used to
describe major type
of ecosystems that
can be found in
various regions of
world.
Forest Regions
 Three Main types of forest regions
 Tropical Rain Forests
 Located in areas near equator
 Warm temp’s and great amount of rain fall.
Mid-Latitude Forest
 Rainforest trees typically keep leaves
year round. Unlike the dominate trees of
the mid-latitude forests.
 What is term for types of trees that shed
their leaves during one season?
 Deciduous
Deciduous
 Deciduous
 Dominant trees of
Mid-latitude forests
 Shed leaves during
one season, usually
autumn
Coniferous Forest
 Types of trees made to
survive long/cold winters
 Coniferous
 Cone bearing: a type of
tree able to survive
long/cold winters, with
long, thin needles rather
than leaves.
 What is the purpose of
needles instead of
leaves?
 They stand cold/wind
better and won’t freeze
Chaparral
 Made of small
evergreens, and low
bushes and shrubs
 Natural
plant/vegetation that
is adapted to
Mediterranean
climates.
 Leathery leaves to
hold moisture over
long/dry summers
Lesson Closing
 Finish any of sect. 1 worksheets
 Work on biome/ecosystem projects
 And/or podcast projects
 Steps 1-9 due next Friday!!
Bell Work
 This type of tree is known for their broad
leaves, mid-latitude, and falling leaves.
 Deciduous
 This is a cone-bearing tree with needles
 Coniferous
 Known for leathery leaves to survive dry
winters
 Chaparral
 Forest regions located near equator
 Tropical Rain Forests
Grasslands
 Located in central regions of many
continents
 Also can vary depending on latitude
 Two main types
 Tropical and Temperate Grasslands
Tropical
 Also known as Savannas
 Grow in warm lands near the equator
 Can be dotted w/ trees/plants that can
survive dry periods.
 3 Main seasons
 Wet season: Grasses grow tall
 Dry season: Grasses brown/die
 Wildfire Season: periodic wildfires,
encourages new growth of plant life
Tropical
 Wide variety of animal live found here
 Herbivores
 Plant eating animals like zebras, gazelles
 Carnivores
 Meat eating hunters like lions, cheetahs
Temperate Grasslands
 Located in cooler parts of the world
 Differ in length/types of grass depending
on rain/soil
 Prairies
 Temperate grasslands of North America
 Steppes
 Cool dry temperate grasslands of Northern
Eurasia and Central Asia
Deserts
 Not void of plant and animal life
 Dotted with many variety of both that
have adapted to survive w/ little to no
water
 Cacti are one example
 Prickly to protect water supply from animals,
and can expand like a sponge to keep water
Tundras
 Always cool or cold climate
 Only specialized plants can exist
 Alpine Tundra
 Exists in high mountains
 Permafrost
 Part of tundra, a layer of soil under the
surface that stays completely frozen
Lesson Closing (Sept. 16)
 Work on all of HW worksheets
 Will be gone over tomorrow
 Make sure to finish Sect. 1 & 2 Quizzes
 Review Tomorrow
 Test Monday