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R E VO L U T I O N M E A N S C H A N G E
(1607-1828)
“In America the Law shall be King; and there shall be no other!” – John Adams
1.
Think about all of the activities you were involved in during the past 24 hours. List as many of these
activities as you can remember.
2.
Next to each activity, write down any evidence your activities may have left behind.
a. which of your daily activities were most likely to leave evidence behind?
b. What evidence might be preserved for the future?
c. What would a future historian be able to tell about your life and
your society based on evidence of your daily activities that might
be preserved for the future?
3.
Now think about a more public event currently happening (court case, election, public controversy,
weather / sports / entertainment)
a. What kinds of evidence might this event leave behind?
b. Who records info about this event?
c. What is the purpose of keeping records of this event?
WHAT IS HISTORY?
History is a chronological record of significant events
TYPES OF SOURCES
Primary Sources: A document written by
someone who was present at the time of the
event; a witness.
Examples: diaries / letter from a soldier /
recorded speech of Congress /
written police report / book /
artifact / political cartoon
TYPES OF SOURCES
Secondary Sources: Documents that are
written after the event by someone who was not a
direct witness of the event
Examples: your textbook / books / websites /
encyclopedias / maps /
A R E T H E F O L L O W I N G P R I M A RY O R
S E C O N DA RY S O U R C E S ?
How can you tell?
Chapter One
“America Beginnings to 1877”
CHAPTER ONE OBJECTIVES
1. to identify the reasons for European exploration and
colonization in North America
2. to analyze the economic, social, and political growth of
the 13 colonies
C H A P T E R OV E RV I E W
Starting in 1492, Europeans and then Africans
bring their cultures to the New World. British
colonies thrive, and Britain dominates North
America after defeating France at war.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF QUESTIONS
1. What changes that affected European society led to the
growth of exploration?
2. Why were Africans brought to the Americas?
3. What prompted colonists to settle in Massachusetts
and Pennsylvania?
4. How did northern and southern colonies differ?
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF ANSWERS
1. What changes that affected European society led to the
growth of exploration?
> calls for reform of the Catholic Church produced the
Reformation
> disagreements between Protestants and Catholics worsened
divisions among European nations
> increased trade led some to seek new sources of wealth
> rulers in Portugal, Spain, England, and France built strong
armies and navies
> Europeans improved their ships and navigational methods
for long-distance sailing
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF ANSWERS
2. Why were Africans brought to the Americas?
> to provide labor on plantations
3. What prompted colonists to settle in Massachusetts
and Pennsylvania?
> to desire to avoid religious persecution
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF ANSWERS
4. How did northern and southern colonies differ?
Southern
* primarily rural
* agricultural
* society was dominated by a few wealthy people
Northern
* cities
* many industries
* merchants had powerful positions in society
Chapter One – Section Two
Spanish North America
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
Italian sailor Christopher Columbus aimed to reach Asia by sailing west
across the Atlantic. In 1492, Spanish rulers gave him money to carry
out his plan. After sailing across the Atlantic, Columbus sighted land
in the Caribbean Sea – but thought he had reached Asia.
After Columbus, Spain launched many voyages of exploration. The
arrival of Europeans had a serious effect on Native Americans, though.
Some natives were made laborers and died while working under harsh
conditions. Many caught European diseases such as small pox.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
Because they had no built-in resistance to these diseases, tens of thousands
of Native Americans died. Because the Europeans wanted to replace the
Native American workers who had died, they began to bring Africans to
the New World to work as slaves. From the 1500s to the 1800s, about 10
million Africans were taken to the Americas.
Spain built a vast empire in the Americas. The Spanish conquered Native
American civilizations. They took large amounts of gold and silver. In
what is now the United States, they settled in the regions that became
Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. Many Native Americans were
converted to Christianity by missionaries.
C H R I S TO F O C O L O N ( 1 4 5 1 – 1 5 0 5 )
“DISCOVERING” AMERICA
Christopher Columbus sails
across the Atlantic in 1492
he wanted to find a route to
Asia by sailing west across
the Atlantic Ocean
Nina, Piñta, and Santa Maria
The Piñta
The Nina
The Santa Maria
“DISCOVERING” AMERICA
“Tierra, Tierra” (land, land)
 October 12, 1492 the Piñta sees land
 Columbus first lands in the Americas on an island in the Caribbean Sea
 Columbus thought he reached the East Indies, instead he reached the Bahamas
 he greeted the indigenous as los indios (Indian)
A ROCKY SHORE OF THE DUTCH WEST INDIES
SIMILAR TO COLUMBUS’S FIRST SIGHT OF
LAND
“DISCOVERING” AMERICA
this “discovery” ignites
European colonization
efforts
Spain explores the Southwest
and West
“COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE ”
** transfer of goods between the Americas, Europe and Africa **
 global exchange that began with Columbus because of the products
he brought back from the “new world”
 helped spark a population growth
because of the dispersal of new food crops
 sparked the migration of people to the
new world for new life and opportunities
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Do you think the Columbian Exchange was
impactful for the North American continent?
Justify your answer.
Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet
Chapter One – Section Three
Early British Colonies
BELL RINGER
Turn in maps to my desk
Name the 13 colonies
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
In 1607, a group of English settlers founded Jamestown, Virginia. It was the first
permanent English colony in the Americas. The colony struggled until settlers
began to grow tobacco to ship to Europe. To work on tobacco plantations, they
hired indentured servants. These people agreed to work for a few years on land
owned by the tobacco famers. In return, the farmers paid for their trip from
Europe to Virginia.
Other settlers were members of a Protestant group that hoped to make the English
church more pure. For this reason, they were called Puritans. After being harassed
in England, many sailed to North America. They settled in Massachusetts, where
their Puritan church dominated their community. Some settlers expressed ideas that
Puritan leaders did not like. These dissenters were harshly punished.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
The Dutch established the first colony in what is now New York.
They hoped to gain wealth by trading with Native Americans for
furs that could be sold in Europe. In 1644, the English seized
the colony.
William Penn belonged to a religious group called the Quakers.
He received a vast tract of land in North America and started a
new colony named Pennsylvania. Penn hoped to make the
colony a safe place for other Quakers. Members of many other
groups also settled there.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
By 1732, there were 13 British colonies. These colonies
prospered, and Britain gained wealth from trade with the
colonies. The colonies had some self-government.
Governors appointed by Britain held the highest authority.
Colonists who owned property had the right to choose
representatives who made laws.
BRITISH COLONIES
 first British colony, called Jamestown
 established in 1607
 British colonists come for many reasons
• hoping to turn a profit in business
• Puritans moved to America for
religious freedom
video “Nightmare in Jamestown” (51 minutes)
BRITISH COLONIES
 British eventually establish 13 colonies with three regions
New England
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Rhode Island
Middle
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Southern
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
BRITISH COLONIES
• relationship between Britain and the
colonies originally good
• over time, the relationship sours
13 COLONIES MAP WORK
ANSWERS
Northern Colonies
Massachusetts (Plymouth -1620)
Massachusetts (Mass Bay - 1630)
New Hampshire – 1623
Connecticut – 1633
Rhode Island – 1636
New York – 1624
New Jersey – 1660
Pennsylvania - 1643
Southern Colonies
Delaware - 1638
Virginia – 1607
Maryland – 1634
North Carolina – 1653
South Carolina – 1670
Georgia – 1733
13 COLONIES MAP WORK
ANSWERS
Northern Economics
1. shipbuilding
2. livestock / meat
3. rum
Southern Economics
1. tobacco
2. wheat / grain
3. food
13 COLONIES MAP WORK
ANSWERS
joint-stock companies: several investors to combine their wealth
in support of a colony that would
hopefully yield a profit
Puritans: a member of a group that wanted to eliminate all
traces of Catholic ritual and traditions = “purify”
Quaker: a member of the Society of Friends (no ministers,
any person allowed to speak as the spirit moved
him or her / dressed plainly / opposed war, etc)
13 COLONIES MAP WORK
ANSWERS
** mercantilism: a nation can increase its wealth and power by
obtaining as much gold and silver as possible
by establishing a favorable balance of trade**
Navigation Acts: a series of laws enacted by Parliament, in
1651, to tighten England’s control of trade
in its American colonies
SETTLERS OF
M A S S A C H U S E T T S & V I RG I N I A
** the most significant difference between the settlers:
Massachusetts = profit oriented investments
Virginia = religious freedom **
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Which colony, do you think, would have
been the best to live in – Northern or
Southern colonies? Explain.
Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet
Chapter One – Section Four
The Colonies Come of Age
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
Colonists in the southern colonies created a rural society
based on farming. The main crops were tobacco, rice, and
indigo. Most of the people worked small farms. However,
owners of large plantations dominated society and the
economy. Planters used enslaved Africans as workers.
Africans endured the harsh voyage across the ocean. In the
New World, they preserved African traditions. Some ran
away or rebelled.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
Colonists in the middle and New England colonies developed an
economy that was based on small farms, manufacturing, and trade.
Cities grew with increased trade. Merchants grew wealthy and held
powerful positions in society. Slavery existed in the North, but it was
not widespread.
In the 1700s, two movements led colonists to question authority. The
Enlightenment valued science and reason. Political writers stressed the
natural rights of all individuals. The Great Awakening was a revival of
strong religious feeling. By emphasizing the personal aspects of
religion, this movement weakened the authority of churches.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
While the British colonies grew along Atlantic coast,
France established a colonial empire in eastern Canada, the
Great Lakes region, and the upper parts of the Mississippi
River. French colonists had better relations with Native
Americans than the British had. In 1754, French and
British colonists clashed. In 1763, the French and Indian
War ended with French defeat. France surrendered most
of its North American lands to Britain.
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTERS IN BRIEF
Native Americans started a war with the colonists but lost.
To prevent further fighting, the British banned Americans
from moving into the lands west of the Appalachian
Mountains. But colonists who wanted this land resented
the action and continued to move into the area.
A TA S T E O F S E L F G OV E R N M E N T
most of the 13 colonies
develop representative
assemblies to mirror
Parliament
• land ownership remains
most common voting
requirement
• abundance of
“available” land
A TA S T E O F S E L F G OV E R N M E N T
• owning land was a
fantasy to a majority
of Englishmen
• by 1776, there are
almost 2 million
people living in the
13 colonies
H OW TO M A K E A N A M E R I C A N C O L O N I S T:
lots of economic opportunity
more political power both
locally and Colony-wide than
the average Englishman back in
England
sense of superiority due to
being a part of the
Constitutional Monarchy of the
British Empire
P L A N TA T I O N E C O N O M Y = S O U T H
the region developed as a rural
society
self-sufficient plantations
specializing in raising a “single”
cash crop
majority of society was small
farmers
P L A N TA T I O N E C O N O M Y = S O U T H
Hierarchy of South
Prosperous
Plantations
Small Farms
Slaves
P L A N TA T I O N E C O N O M Y = S O U T H
in the 18th century, Southerners turned increasingly to
slavery to fill the labor needs of the agricultural
economy
Middle Passage: voyage of slaves to the Americas
COMMERCE ECONOMY = NORTH
 radically different from South
 powerful merchants
 three major seaports – Boston / New York / Philadelphia
 attracted many immigrants
 farmers produced “several” cash crops
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
during Renaissance, scientists began looking beyond
religious beliefs and traditional assumptions for answers
about how the world worked
during the 1700s, the Enlightenment, an intellectual
movement began in Europe, and the Great Awakening, a
colonial religious movement, influenced people’s thinking
throughout the 13 colonies
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
Enlightenment ideas spread across the colonies
 John Locke - English philosopher
• Stresses that people have natural
rights to life, liberty, and property
 Thomas Paine
• Wrote Common Sense pamphlet
•
•
•
attacks King George and the monarchy
argues that independence would allow America
to trade more freely
also argues that independence would allow for a
better society (free from tyranny and equal
opportunity for all)
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment: intellectual movement that influenced
people to question traditional church
authority
philosophers valued reason and scientific
methods
not relying on religion for all the answers
• looked at experimentation to find the truth
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
started in Europe and moved to the colonies
> books and pamphlets
> literacy high in colonies due to importance of education
Thomas Jefferson reasoned that human beings are born with
natural rights that governments
must respect
> leads to questioning the
British monarchy
THE GREAT AWAKENING
Puritan merchants prospered in
colonies
> taste for fine houses,
stylish clothes, good food,
and wine, etc…
> maintaining strict Puritan
code declined
THE GREAT AWAKENING
a series of religious revivals swept through New England
> fiery traveling ministers began preaching in towns and
villages
> sought to restore the intensity and dedication of the early
Puritan church
this caused an internal struggle within the church
> conservative ministers did not like the revivals
> many of the Ivy League Colleges were formed at this time
as a “counter-revolution” to train ministers in the
conservative church doctrine
WHITEFIELD AWAKENS AMERICA
BY: J OHN DEMOS
“Throughout the succeeding centuries, historians,
too, have debated the meaning and consequence of the
Great Awakening. In some respects it seems a distinctly
conservative movement, aimed (as it explicitly was) at
reviving an older, more pointed forward in time: toward
the War of Independence, the growth of American
nationhood, the establishment of a lasting tradition of
evangelical religion, and a host of cultural changes that
have increasingly defined our modern society.
WHITEFIELD AWAKENS AMERICA
BY: J OHN DEMOS
It is clear, for example, that the Great Awakening
blurred the usual lines of class, age, gender, ethnicity, and race to
a degree rarely, if ever, seen before in the colonies. Observers
repeatedly commented on the ‘mixed’ character of revival
audiences; some, indeed, expressed deep alarm at the apparent
threat to traditional hierarchies. At the same time, the Great
Awakening gave a strong boost to inter-colonial connections.
Never before had a single episode been shared so widely – in the
North, the South, and in between; in urban centers as well as
rural villages; from the maritime-minded coast to the far-off
frontier.”
THE GREAT AWAKENING
Great Awakening: religious movement in the
colonies that influenced people
to question traditional church
authority
 both movements – the Enlightenment and the
Great Awakening – made people question
traditional authority and stress importance of
individuals
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
 the French Empire expanded;
it collided with the growing
British Empire
 French had better relations
with Native Americans
> military relations
> trade relations
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
 French and British started fighting over the Ohio River
Valley
> Virginian Militia sent to evict French from area
started the French and Indian War
French and Indian War: war between colonies and the
French and Natives (1754-1763)
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
 it called for colonies to
unite to defend
themselves
against the French
and the Indians
> on the side of
the British
> “JOIN or DIE”
Spanish
become
allies
with
France
1761
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
 British struggled at first; however, after about a year, they
started seeing some victories
 new leadership under William Pitt
> put lots of money & troops into war
> understood colonial concerns
> offered them a compromise:
- colonial loyalty and military
cooperation – Britain would
reimburse their costs
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
French and Indian War ended in 1763 with the signing of the
Treaty of Paris
T H E T R E A T Y O F PA R I S - 1 7 6 3
France: lost her Canadian possessions / most of her empire in
India / lost claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
Spain: got all French lands west of the Mississippi River and
New Orleans / lost Florida to England
England: got all French lands in Canada / exclusive rights to
Caribbean slave trade / commercial dominance in
India
NORTH AMERICA IN 1763
EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH AND
INDIAN WAR
Britain
1. increased her colonial
empire in the Americas
2. Britain’s dislike for the
colonies created bitter
feelings
> England felt major
reorganization of her
American Empire was
necessary
Colonies
1. Proclamation of 1763
> British not allowed to cross over
Appalachian Mountains due to
attacks from Indians
2. bitter feelings towards the British
3. create socializing experience for all
the colonials who participated
EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH AND
INDIAN WAR
According to some historians, the British set themselves up to
lose the American colonies because:
1. war united the colonies against a common enemy = 1st
2. war greatly enlarged English debt
3. question of the ability of the British army
** the most significant consequence of the French and Indian
War was that it led to tax increase on the colonists by the British
government to pay for the war **
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Explain the differences between the
Northern and Southern economies that led
to the development of two distinct cultural
regions.
Write three complete sentences in the summary location on your note sheet
CHAPTER ONE OBJECTIVES
1. to identify the reasons for European exploration and
colonization in North America
2. to analyze the economic, social, and political growth of
the 13 colonies