Download Skeletal System

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Skeleton:
Bones and Joints
The Skeleton
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting
connective tissue
Bones
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Several functions
• To serve as a firm framework for the body
• To protect delicate structures such as the brain and
spinal cord
• To serve as levers to produce movement
• To store calcium salts
• To produce blood cells
Bone (osseous) tissue
• Types
• Compact bone
• Haversion systems (osteons)
• Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Bone marrow
• Red marrow
• Yellow marrow
• Bone membranes
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bone Structure
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The skeleton
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The structure of a long
bone.
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Compact bone tissue
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bone tissue, longitudinal section

Checkpoint 6-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two
irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and
the ends of a long bone?

Shaft
 Diaphysis

Ends
 Proximal epiphysis
 Distal epiphysis
Checkpoint 6-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone)
tissue and where is each type found?

Spongy (cancellous) bone
 Found in the ends (epiphyses) of long bones
 Flat bones

Compact bone
 Shafts of long bones
 Outer layers of flat bones
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Bone Growth and Repair
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Types of bone cells
• Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
• Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone
matrix
• Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
Checkpoint 6-3: What are the three types of
cells found in bone and what is the role of
each?

Osteocytes
 Maintain and repair bone existing bone matrix

Osteoblasts
 Manufacture bone matrix
Osteoclasts
 Resorb (break down) bone matrix
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


Bones begin as cartilage in the embryo
Cartilage begins to turn into bone


Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends



Bone growth takes place in epiphyseal plate
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening


Osteoblasts build up bony matrix
When epiphyseal plates (cartilage) turns to bone,
they stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues

Bone continues to be modeled (shaped)
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Checkpoint 6-4: As the embryonic skeleton
is converted from cartilage to bone, the
intercellular matrix becomes hardened.
What compounds are deposited in the
matrix to harden it?


Calcium compounds
Checkpoint 6-5: After birth, long bones
continue to grow in length at secondary
centers. What are these centers called?


Epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Projections






Head
Process
Condyle
Crest
Spine
Depressions or holes
Foramen
 Sinus
 Fossa
 Meatus

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Checkpoint 6-6: Bones have a number of
projections, depressions, and holes. What
are some functions of these markings?

Projections
 Help form joints and serve as muscle attachments

Depressions
 Serve as muscle attachments
Holes
 Serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and
trunk
Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the
extremities
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Cranial bones







Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital
Facial bones











Mandible
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
Palatine
Inferior nasal conchae
Ossicle
Hyoid
Infant skull

Fontanels
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The skull.
ZOOMING IN • What
type of joint is between
bones of the skull?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sutures
The skull, inferior view.
ZOOMING IN • What two bones
make up each side of the hard
palate?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Maxilla and palatine bones
Floor of cranium,
superior view.
ZOOMING IN • What is a
foramen?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
A hole in a bone
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The skull, sagittal section.
Infant skull, showing fontanels.
ZOOMING IN • Which is the largest
fontanel?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Anterior fontanel
Vertebral column






Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) (4 fused)
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) (3 fused)
Thorax

Sternum





Manubrium
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process
Ribs
 True ribs (1-7)
 False ribs (8-12)
 Floating ribs (11-12)
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Vertebral column,
left lateral view.
ZOOMING IN • From an anterior
view, which group(s) of vertebrae
form a convex curve?
Cervical and lumbar
Thoracic, sacrum and
coccyx
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Which
group(s) form a concave curve?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The vertebral column and vertebrae.
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The first two cervical vertebrae
ZOOMING IN • To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?
Sternum, ribs
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bones of the thorax, anterior view
Checkpoint 6-7: The axial skeleton consists
of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What
bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?


Vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Checkpoint 6-8: What are the five regions of
the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins



Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Two divisions
Upper
Lower
The shoulder girdle


Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
 Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
 Acromion
 Glenoid cavity
 Coracoid process
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

The upper extremity

Humerus (arm bone)
 Medial and lateral epicondyles
 Trochlea
 Capitellum

Ulna (forearm bone)





Distal projection (styloid process)
Head (distal)
Olecranon
Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Radius (lateral forearm bone)
 Head (proximal end)
Carpal bones (wrist)
Metacarpal bones (palm)
 Phalanges (finger bones)


Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean?
What does the prefix infra mean?
Above
Below
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The shoulder girdle and scapula
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The right humerus
ZOOMING IN •What is the lateral bone of the
forearm?
Radius
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Radius and ulna of the right forearm
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Movements of the forearm
ZOOMING IN •What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the
elbow?
The olecranon process of the ulna
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Left elbow, lateral view
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bones of the right hand, anterior view

The pelvic bones (ossa coxae)

Ilium
 Iliac crest
 Anterior superior iliac spine

Ischium
 Ischial spine
 Ischial tuberosity

Pubis

Features of pelvis


Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
 Pubic symphysis
ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?
Ischium
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The pelvic bones
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view
The lower extremity

Femur (thigh)
 Greater trochanter
 Lesser trochanter
 Linea aspera


Patella (kneecap)
Tibia (shin bone of leg)
 Medial malleolus

Fibula (leg bone)
 Lateral malleolus

Tarsal bones (ankle)
 Calcaneus (heel bone)


Metatarsal bones (instep)
Phalanges (toe bones)
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The right femur
(thigh bone)
Tibia and fibula of
the right leg
ZOOMING IN • What is the
medial bone of the leg?
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Tibia
ZOOMING IN •Which tarsal bone is the heel bone? Calcaneous
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Bones of the right foot
Checkpoint 6-9: What division of the skeleton
consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip,
and extremities?
Appendicular
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins






Bones undergo significant changes
Loss of calcium salts
Decrease in protein
Reduction in collagen
Loss of height
Decrease in chest diameter
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


Classified by material between adjoining bones
and by degree of movement permitted
Fibrous


Cartilaginous


Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Synovial

Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Checkpoint 6-10: What are the three types of
joints classified according to the type of
material between the adjoining bones?



Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Structures that support and protect synovial
joints
Ligaments
 Joint capsule
 Hyaline (articular) cartilage
 Fat
 Bursae

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Structure of a synovial
joint
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The knee joint, sagittal section
Classified by types of movement they allow

Gliding
 Bones of the wrist and ankle

Hinge
 Elbow, interphalangeal joints

Pivot
 Joint between C-1 and C-2, proximal radio-ulnar joint

Condyloid
 2nd-5th metacarpo-phalangeal joints (knuckles)

Saddle
 Ist metacarpo-phalangeal joint (thumb)

Ball-and-socket
 Hip, shoulder
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle










Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation

Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Movements at synovial joints
Checkpoint 6-11: What is the most freely
movable type of joint?

Ball and socket
Copyright © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
