Download Nationalism and Economic Growth Section 1: The Rise of

Nationalism and Economic Growth
Section 1: The Rise of Nationalism
 Nationalism Takes Root
o Much of the nations pride came from the success from the War of 1812. Most
American’s felt good about the nation’s new found independence from Europe. The war
stirred a new sense of nationalism, or national pride.
o The presidents who followed James Madison promised to help the United States stay
strong and safe. Republicans in Congress nominated Madison as Secretary of State,
James Monroe of Virginia, for president. Monroe won easily over the Federalist
candidate, Senator Rufus King of New York.
o Many Federalists had angered many Americans opposing the War of 1812. Even New
England, a longtime Federalist stronghold, the party was losing political power. The
collapse of the Federalist led to a period of political harmony, known as the Era of Good
Feelings.
o Monroe quickly brought this harmony to foreign relations.
 Relations with Great Britain
o U.S. relations with Great Britain
 After the War of 1812 the two countries both sailed ships on the Great Lakes.
 Monroe ordered acting Secretary of State Richard Rush to negotiate a
disarmament plan with British foreign minister Charles Bagot.
 Bagot hated Americans.
 Bagot understood peace in Great Lakes would free up warships for
other parts of its empire.
 Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1817.
Each side agreed to keep only a few armed ships.
 Monroe wanted to settle dispute over fishing rights in waters between Canada
and United States.
 Convention of 1818
Agreed both could fish disputed water
Set U.S.-Canada border at 49th parallel west to Rocky
Mountains.
Also solved dispute about Oregon Country
 Both would occupy for 10 years and set boundary later.
 Relations with Spain
o Settling borders to the south was much more difficult.
o Thomas Jefferson tried to purchase Spanish owned West Florida (present day southern
Mississippi, Alabama, and eastern Louisiana.)
o President Madison sensed resident of West Florida wanted revolt
 He declared this should have been part of Louisiana Purchase.
 It belongs to United States.
 He sent troops and by end of the War of 1812 the United States controlled most
of West Florida.
 Spain was too busy dealing with its Central and South American
colonies-what is Latin America- declaring their independence.
 Spain had removed many of their West Florida soldiers to Latin America.
 Monroe saw this as an opportunity to get the rest of Florida.
Secretary of State began talking to Spanish diplomat Luis de
Onis.
Residence of Georgia complained about Seminoles raiding U.S.
towns.
In 1817 Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson to stop the Indian
raids.
First Seminole War
 Jackson moved into West Florida and kept on going,
attacking many Spanish Forts in the area.
 Jackson controlled every Spanish Fort in Eastern Florida.
 He even executed two British officers who were helping
the Seminoles.
 Europeans were outraged by Jackson’s attacks.
 Most U.S. citizens supported both Jackson and the
invasion. Why?????
 Monroe was in an awkward position.
He wanted Florida but feared war with Spain.
Publicly Monroe said Jackson had acted on his own.
Monroe refused to punish Jackson, who was a military war
hero.
Monroe returned all Spanish Forts back to Spain.
Secretary of State Adams negotiated with Luis de Onis
 Adams issued an ultimatum, control the Seminoles
or else it must cede eastern Florida to the U.S.
 Spain needed forces in Central and South America.
 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, Spain transferred
Eastern Florida to United States.

Monroe Doctrine
o By 1820’s most of Spain’s Latin American colonies had launched revolutions.
o Many of these revolutions were sparked by the American Revolution.
o After negotiating with Spain, U.S. officially recognized these new Latin American
countries.
o Monroe understood that these new Latin American nations, was far from secure.
o Monroe was alarmed that France was willing to help Spain regain its former territories.
o October 1821, Monroe sent a letter to Thomas Jefferson. President Monroe wrote, “We
would view interference {in Latin America} on the part of European powers as an attack
on ourselves.”
o Dispute with Russia in the Pacific Northwest. In 1821 Russia extended it’s borders to the
51st parallel and closed coastal waters to foreign vessels.
 1823 Secretary State John Quincy Adams warned Russian foreign minister that
the United States would not tolerate any new colonies on American continents.
o December 2, 1823, President Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in his annual
speech.
 U.S. would not interfere in any existing European colonies in Latin America.
 Considered any European moves to reclaim lost territory in Western
Hemisphere “dangerous to our peace and safety.”
 Many in Congress felt this would drag us into more wars
 Most European nations were too busy to worry about colonization in
Latin America.
 Russia abandoned its claims in the Northwest.
Section 2: The Challenges of Growth
 The Economy
o During the War of 1812, embargoes and naval blockades had stopped the flow of
European products into the U.S.
o U.S. manufacturing had been given a big boost. Americans could only by American.
o Many felt the U.S. needed to balance the needs agriculture, commerce and
manufacturing.
o The war had shown weaknesses in the nation’s financial system.
 By mid 1814 the war had drained the U.S. Treasury.
 Bank of the United States charter had expired in 1811, and Congress had
refused to renew it.
 Treasury had to borrow from state banks.
 Instead of borrowing from one bank, they had to negotiate with many state
banks.
 Each state bank printed its own notes, often exceeding the silver and gold to
back it.
 Banks refused to accept others notes.
o Wartime had highlighted the nation’s transportation problems.
 Blockades forced merchants to transport across land
 This was slow and drove up costs.
 Solution lied in business and federal government.
 The American System
o War of 1812 had many Republican’s thinking stronger central government.
o Leader of this movement was Henry Clay of Kentucky.
 Clay was born I Virginia in 1777.
 Age 15 he worked as a clerk and study the court system.
 1797 he became an attorney.
 Moved to Kentucky and became a member of the state legislature in 1803.
 Later served as a U.S. Senator and House of Representative
 Appointed Speaker of the House in 1811.
 Desired to be President, never achieved this.
o American System- Clay’s idea to increase federal involvement in the economy.
 3 main features of the plan
 National bank
 Protective tariffs
 National transportation system
 In 1816 the nation demanded a national currency.
 President James Madison, a Republican, who opposed a national bank
maybe it was worth considering.
 January 8, 1816, South Carolina representative John C. Calhoun
introduced a bill to charter the Second Bank of the United States.
 Signed by Madison on April 10.
 The Tariff of 1816
 After Treaty of Ghent, British goods flooded U.S. markets.

 Unable to compete with cheaper British products, American companies
could not compete, they demanded a protective measures
 Tariff of 1816 placed a 25% duty on most imported goods.
 Northern manufactures supported
 New England importers and southern planters opposed the
tariff.
 Southern Planters vs. Northern Manufactures
Calhoun championed the southern cause.
 Transportation
 In 1817 Calhoun angered many southerners by introducing a bill to
pay for roads and canals through tariffs.
 Thomas Jefferson had built a National Highway in 1815.
 Stretching from Cumberland, Maryland to Appalachian
Mountains.
 By 1818 it stretches as far as Wheeling, W.V.
 Later extended to Vandalia, Illinois.
 Most roads and canals were built by states or private companies
 Calhoun argued that such a great undertaking required federal
aid.
 Congress agreed, passing Calhoun’s bill.
 Madison opposed the bill and Madison would veto the bill as a
last measure before leaving office.
 Despite the lack of federal support, in 1817New York began building
the Erie Canal.
 363 mile long canal was a means of cheaper and faster route
to and from the interior of the country than roads.
Later linked the Hudson River and Lake Erie
Many felt the canal was a waste of time and money.
The Transportation Revolution
o Improving transportation became a major concern.
o Poor transportation made it difficult to sell goods from region to region.
 Flatboats used for transporting down river but useless for up river.
 Most goods from east were shipped by wagon.
 Canals were an answer, but very costly and timely to build.
 By 1816 only 100 miles of canals had been built.
Erie Canal cut cost by 90% between Buffalo and New
York City.
 First river powered steamboat began operating in 1787
 Robert Fulton’s, Clermont, completed in 1807, was the first to
carry heavy objects up stream.
 By 1817 steamboats were moving goods up the Mississippi
River.
 Locomotives- steamed power, used in 1830’s.
 Locomotives could go anywhere tack was laid.
 Mechanical problem plagued locomotives.
Few surprised when the Tom Thumb, first successful
commercial locomotive lost against a horse.
In the 1840’s American companies spent $200 million
laying 9,000 miles of track.
 Market Revolution
 Canals and roads made it easier and cheaper to move farm
products, raw materials, and manufactured goods.
People were able to get these goods, so they could
concentrate on things that were profitable and not just
on needs.
This creation of national markets is known as the
Market Revolution.
 This changed the way farmers’ and
manufacturers’ did business.
 This linked small towns with large markets.
o Mount Pleasant, Ohio went from 7
families in 1806 to 100 families in 1816.
 The Industrial Revolution
o Before Market Revolution, artisans kept up with demand.
 After Market Revolution they could not keep up with demand so they turned to
manufacturing.
 This is known as the Industrial Revolution
 Started in Britain in 1700’s
 Machines did the mass production, in large quantities.
 Fearing competition, British tried to keep the secret.
 Outlawed the sale of textile machines and prevented skilled
workers from leaving.
 Samuel Slater escaped from England, memorizing the machine plans.
 1789, he came to America hoping to make a fortune. Convinced
Moses Brown, a Rhode Island manufacturer, to construct a
British style spinning mill.
 Slater and Brown had mills all over Rhode Island and
Massachusetts.
 Eli Whitney, invented interchangeable parts, in manufacture of firearms.
 Seth Thomas applied this to wooden clocks.
 Thomas’s factories were able to make 500 clocks at a time.
o Economic reversal
 1818 all sections of the country were prosperous.
 State banks loaned money to manufacturers, regardless of credit
history.
 Late 1818 Second Bank of the United States ordered state banks to demand
repayment. It also required for state banks to exchange notes for gold and
silver.
 Panic of 1819, bank failures, falling land prices, and foreclosures.
 Economic depression, lasted several years.
Section 3: The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy
 Missouri Compromise
o Debate over slavery increased in 1819.
o Missouri Territory applied for statehood and had a slave population of 10,000.
 At the time there were 11 salve states and 11 free states.

Adding Missouri as a slave state would tip the balance to the South in the
Senate.
 Congress member James Tallmadge of New York argued that the Northwest
Ordinance had already set the precedence for adding new states.
 Slaveholders saw this new proposal was an attempt to end slavery.
 Henry Clay led Congress in working out the Missouri Compromise in 1820.
 Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
 Maine was admitted as a free state.
 Keeping balance in the Senate
 It also banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase
north of latitude 36 degree 30 parallel- Missouri’s southern
border.
 This compromise eased sectional crisis.
According to the Constitution when were they suppose to address the slavery issue???????
 The Election of 1824
o Westward expansion played an important role in 1824 election.
o Five Republicans competed for presidency:
 William Crawford- Georgia- became very ill.
 John C. Calhoun- South Carolina- popular in lower south, no national following.
Later dropped from race.
 John Quincy Adams- Massachusetts- economic nationalist and antislavery views
appealed to northeastern voters.
 Henry Clay- Kentucky- developer of Missouri Compromise, was supported by
Midwestern
 Andrew Jackson- Tennessee- famous military hero, represented south.
o Jackson received the most popular votes, any problems with this? No candidate
received majority of the electoral votes.
If there is no majority in the Electoral College, who chooses the President of the United States?????
o The House of Representatives was going to choose from the top 3 candidates, which left
out Clay (the 4th candidate)
 Clay out of the race threw his support to Adams
 Adams wins the election of 1824.
 Adams appoints Clay as Secretary of State
 Jackson’s supporters accuse the two men of making a “corrupt bargain.”
 Adams and Clay denied any wrongdoing.
o Adams personality was stern and reserved
 He had a frustrating presidency.
 He supported a wide variety of federal government projects from
canals and roads to a national university and a standardized system of
weights and measures.
 Adams would not “play politics” to compromise with Congress.
Does this sound familiar????
 The Election of 1828
 Andrew Jackson, an opponent to John Quincy Adams, resigned from the Senate in 1825 to
campaign for the election in 1828.
 Jackson was a war hero. Great personality. His soldiers nicknamed him “Old Hickory” because he
seemed tough as a hardwood.
o Jackson was a rich lawyer and planter, he portrayed himself as “common man.”
o
His supporters became known as Democratic Party (farmers, workers, and frontier
settlers.)
 Jacksonian Democracy
o Focused on personalities rather than the issues.
o Adams had purchased a chess set and a billiard table for the White House, Jackson
accused him of wasting money on “gambling devices.”
o Adams accused Jackson of murder because of his involvement in a duel that had left a
man dead. Adams and supporters spread rumors about Jackson’s wife and mother.
 Jackson wins the election of 1828.
 Voting rolls swelled as states dropped property rights
 Voters chose electors rather than state legislatures.
 Jackson will be re-elected in 1832.
 In 1836, 1.5 million people voted.
 1840, 2.4 million people cast their vote.
 Only white men enjoyed full political rights.
 It went across all classes; this became known as Jacksonian
Democracy.
 A new government
o Jackson’s supporters- thousands of ordinary Americans- lined the streets of Washington.
o “General Jackson is their own president.”
 Jackson allowed his followers to join the celebration party in the White House.
 Some 20,000 visitors joined the festivities.
 The crowd caused a lot of damage to the presidential home.
 He rewarded is supporters with government jobs.
 Spoils system- “to the victor belong the spoils.”
 He favored rotation in office- replacement of public servants he judged
“unfaithful or incompetent”
 Jackson replaced less than 20 percent of government workers for
political reasons.
 Many expected Jackson to replace all who were not with his political
party, he did not.
 Jackson chose people from all walks of life, not just the wealthy, to
serve in government.
 Jackson had faith in the American people to govern themselves.
Section 4: Jackson’s Politics Define an Era
 A Question of Land
o What to do with eastern American Indians?
o Thomas Jefferson had hoped that the natives would blend in with American society.
o American’s hungry for land and American Indians’ support for the British during the War
of 1812 led to changes in government policy.
o By 1820’s many government officials called the removal of American Indians beyond US
borders.
o Indian groups- the Cherokees, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole in the
Southeast
 They adopted to farming in hope of survival.
 By 1700’s the Cherokees had adopted farming
 They built towns and agricultural economies.


 Wrote a constitution similar to United States, created judicial branch,
supported schools, and formed militia.
o Sequoya or Sikwayi- assisted the Cherokee
 Born in Tennessee
 In 1813 he fought against the Creek as a member of the Cherokee regiment in
the US Army.
 Did not speak English, but saw the value in written language.
 It enabled white settlers to spread ideas, keep records, and
communicate over long distances.
 Took him 12 years to finish the writing system in 1821.
 1828 he went to Washington to serve as a representative for his nation.
 He died in Mexico in 1843.
 1828 published a newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix
 Bible published in Cherokee
Jackson’s American Indian Policy
American Indians adopting settlers ways failed to ease tensions.
o Indians farmed millions of acres
 Became a source of competition for other farmers
 Many Americans turned to Jackson for support of removal of Native Americans.
o Jackson believed they should be removed for their own good.
o Indian Removal Act passed in 1830, providing for relocation of Indian nations living in
the east of Mississippi River to Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. Jackson
promised “as long as grass grows and water runs…, [the land] will be yours forever.”
 By the end of the decade, most American Indians had been removed from the
Southeast.
 Few went willingly.
 Many doubted Jackson’s promise.
 In Florida resistance to removal led to a Second Seminole War (1835-42)
 By 1842 the US Army had captured some 3,000 Seminoles and killed
hundreds. Some 1,500 US soldiers were killed.
 Many Seminoles decided to relocate, others hid in the
everglades.
o Cherokees used the courts to fight for their rights.
 In 1831, courts ruled Indians did not have rights of US citizens.
 Indians were subject to federal law but did not have the right to sue in federal
courts.
o Next test was in State rather than Federal Authority
 Cherokee ally Samuel Worcester refused to leave, when ordered by the Georgia
militia.
 He appealed to the Supreme Court that the state of Georgia had no power over
Indian lands.
 Worcester v. Georgia
 Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of Worcester and the
Cherokees-limiting state power over them.
 Jackson refused to enforce the federal ruling.
 In 1835 the Cherokee signed a treaty granting land to the
United States.
 US government ordered the nation to move within 3 years. Trail
of Tears
 By 1838 deadline, few of the some 18,000 Cherokee
had moved west. Federal government forced the move.
 Estimated 4,000 Cherokees died on the 800 mile walk.
o The Nullification Crisis
 1828 Congress passed a new tariff on certain imports.
 Southern planters were outraged.
 Southerners argued that the tariff would make British products in which
southerners relied on, more expensive.
 They were called, Tariff of Abominations
o In 1828 Vice President John C. Calhoun had abandoned his nationalist views.
 He no longer believed the national government represented the best interest of
his region, the South.
 He wrote an anonymous essay outlining southern position.
 He argued the creators of the Federal Union, the states had the right to nullify
an act of Congress they considered unconstitutional.
Think about today if states had that power or thought process………
 View was known as doctrine of nullification.
o In 1832 Henry Clay tried to run a reduced tariff through Congress
 South Carolina was not satisfied.
 South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be null and void.
 South Carolina threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect
the tariffs within the state.
 Siding with his home state, John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President.
 Jackson was angered and privately warned that “if one drop of blood be shed
there in defiance of the laws of the United States, I will hang the first man of
them I can get my hands on to the first tree I can find.”
 Clay convinced Congress to pass another compromise.
 Tariff of 1833, lowered rates over a 10 year period
 Calhoun urged South Carolina to accept the new tariff.
o Opposing the Bank
 Second bank of the United States
 Jackson attacks the bank as a monopoly that benefited rich investors at the
expense of poor, honest and industrious people.
 Election of 1832
 Henry Clay- National Republican Party, supported the bank.
 In 1832 Clay pushed a bill through Congress to recharter the
Bank.
 Jackson vetoed
 Clay attacked the veto, but voters sided with Jackson.
 Jackson and Martin Van Buren, Vice President won the election.
 Jackson moved to shut down the bank.
 He stopped depositing federal funds in the National bank.
 He deposited money in selected state banks-as his opponents
called them pet banks.
 Nicholas Biddle, president of the National Bank since 1823, made a final
effort to save the institution.
 He tightened credit to bring on a financial crisis.
 This move reinforced Jackson’s argument, about the power of
the bank.
 Bank’s charter expired March 1836.
o
The Panic of 1837
 Jackson won the bank war.
 By weakening federal control, he had caused a financial crisis.
 Pet banks began printing bank notes they could not cover in gold or silver.
 Money in circulation more than doubled between 1830-1837, as banks eased
their loan requirements.
 Speculators bought millions of acres in the Midwest, in hopes of selling the land
at higher prices.
 As land prices increased so did prices of everything, inflation.
 Jackson issued Specie Circular in July 1836- this executive order
instructed the Treasury to accept only specie as payment for public
land.
 Because few had gold or silver, land sales plunged.
 People began banks to exchange banknotes in form of species.
 Banks that could not went bankrupt, hundreds of banks closed by June
of 1837.
 Contributing to the Panic of 1837 was an economic crisis in Great Britain.
 British bought less southern cotton.
 British investors pulled money out of the United States.
 Factories closed and construction stopped.
 Thousands lost their jobs
 Depression set in and lasted till 1843.
o Rise of the Whigs
 Martin Van Buren became President in 1836, handpicked by Jackson to be his
successor.
 Whig Party developed in 1834.
 Name comes from the old Whig Party in Britain that had opposed the
power of the king.
 Labeled Jackson “King Andrew”
 Van Buren managed to defeat the Whig Party in 1836, but the Whigs
will gain support because of economic problems.
 1840 Election
 Whigs instead of running party leader Henry Clay, they chose war hero
William Henry Harrison.
 Clay was disliked by Whigs such as John C. Calhoun and Daniel
Webster.
 Economic problems had almost guaranteed a Whigs victory, Clay felt.
 Whigs presented their candidate “man of the people”
Has anyone else run under this idea????????????
 Portrayed Harrison, a rich landowner, as simple, hardworking farmer
who lived in a log cabin.
 Whig’s favorite chant was “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”


 Referred to the General’s 1811 battle against American Indians
at the Tippecanoe River and to his running mate, John Tyler of
Virginia.
 Ridiculing Van Buren: “Van, Van is a used up man!”
The Whigs reliance on slogans sets precedence on American politics.
 “Packaging” of candidates
 Emphasizing their images as much as their ideas and abilities.
Harrison won the election with 234 electoral votes to Van Buren’s 60.
 Harrison dies of pneumonia four weeks after his inauguration, shortest
term in U.S. History. It was pouring rain and cold that day.
 Vice President John Tyler, a states right Virginian and a strong opponent
of Jackson became president and inherited the economic crisis.