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Sub-Saharan Africa Introduction Cultural complexity Language, The religion, ethnicity, colonialism world’s fastest growing region 45% Low of population is younger than 15 years old economic output 1% of global output with 11% population Mounting debt structural adjustment programs Environmental Geography Elevated landmass Low Africa Great Rift Valley High Africa Great Escarpment Plateaus Escarpment Forms when plateau abruptly ends (eg. falls) impedes river navigation low connectivity in this region Great Escarpment: refers to coastal escarpment in south narrow coastal plane few human settlement in the coast Mountain range Volcanic mountains in southern half of the Great Rift Valley (eg. Killimanjaro, Mount Kenya) created in divergent plate boundary Divergent plate boundary Ridge Rift Valley The Rift Valley In the Eastern Africa, this geological forces produce gash along the boundary (eg. Lake Nyasa, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria) fertile soil, abundant water dense settlement in eastern Africa Watersheds Congo River (or Zaire) The Second largest river Bndry. betw. Rep. of Congo and Demo. Rep. of Congo Nile River The Longest river Lifeblood of Egypt, Sudan Connects between North and Sub-Saharan Africa Watersheds Niger River Critical source of water for the arid countries Mali, Niger, Nigeria Historic Zambezi Major city – Tombouctou (11th century) River supplier of commercial energy Kariba Angola, Res, Cabora Bassa Res. Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique Soils Relatively infertile can’t support intensive agriculture Soil fertility explains patterns of settlement Rift valley Rwanda, Nigeria Brundi, Ethiopia, Kenya Mostly tropical climates (Af, Aw, BSh, BWh) except for South Africa Climate Tropical forests (Af) Warm to hot temperature; year-round precipitation Relatively intact (cf. SE Asia, Latin America) Low population Oil exports Political chaos Savannas (Aw) Wrapped around rain forest Mixture of trees and tall grasses Critical habitat for large fauna Eg. Masai Mara Nat’l Park, Kenya Deserts Sahara Desert, Namib Desert, Kalahari Desert Midlatitude climates South Africa Southwestern Mediterranean climate (Csb) wine production Eastern coast subtropical climate (Cfa) Highland Exhibits Montane Rift altitudinal zonation zones Valley zone Drakensberg Range Desertification in the Sahel Sahel Between Sahara Desert and Savanna southward Transhumance Movement of animals between wet-season and dry-season pasture adequate precipitation is essential for livelihood Drought (1968-74) Desert-like condition began to move south Threaten the livelihoods of farmers and pastoralists What causes the Sahelian drought? Human-induced Expansion environmental degradation of agriculture loss of natural vegetation, declines in soil fertility eg. peanuts production during the French colonial rule Overgrazing Expansion of animal production after WWII eg. wells digging to supply water Climatic fluctuation Deforestation Often occurs in Savanna rather than rain forest shortage of biofuel; Green Belt Movement Deforestation Central Africa’s Deforested Ituri rain forest for logging Madagascar’s eastern rain forest endangered biodiversity Lemur Wildlife conservation Diseases kept people and livestock out of the areas Survival of wildlife Wildlife reserves are in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) Southern Africa (Zimbabwe) Poaching (eg. ivory trade) is a problem Population and Settlement Overall, not densely populated Similar to that of U.S. Young population, large families population growth family planning policies in the 1980s High child mortality, low life expectancy low access to basic health services Population density Crude population density Population / area Even though SubSaharan Africa has low Physiological density crude population # people per unit of arable land density, it has high agricultural density Agricultural # density farmers per unit of arable land Family size Large families are encouraged by Rural lifestyle Seen Ethnic as a source of labor, and social security rivalries More High number is affiliated with high political influence child mortality rates Limited education to women Family size Recently growth rate has weaken due to Government policies Urbanization AIDS Population concentration West Africa, Highland East Africa Fertile soil, permanent agriculture Eastern half of South Africa Urbanized economy based on mining Forced relocation of black South Africans into eastern homelands Subsistence crops tropical soils shifting cultivation (or swidden) can’t support high population density Poor Staple crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and tubers) all over the region Yam in West Africa (eg. Ibo: southeastern Nigeria) Irrigated rice in West Africa, and Madagascar Plantation crops Coffee: Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Brundi, Tanzania Peanuts: Sahel Cotton: Sudan, Central African Republic Cocoa: Ghana, Ivory Coast Rubber: Liberia Palm oil: Nigeria Herding and livestock Extremely important in semiarid zones Camel, goats in Sahara; cow father south of Sahara Symbiotic relationships with neighboring farmers Manure of stocks can fertilize the soil; exchanged for grain But often pastoralists independent of agriculture (eg. Masai) Difficult environment for raising livestock because of infestation of tsetse flies (eg. Central Africa) Historic cities Axum, Ethiopia (1st century) Tombouctou, Gao in the Sahel (11th century) Capital of ancient empire Trans-Saharan trader centers Zanzibar(Tanzania), Mombasar(Kenya) (12th century) established by Arab traders Rooted in Swahili language West African cities Ibadan, Nigeria – settled by Yoruba (12th century) Lagos, Nigeria – 12 million, Yoruba Lagos Accra, Ghana – settled by Ga (16th century) Colonial administrative center in the late 1800s Division along income lines South African cities Colonial origin unlike that of west Africa eg. Lusaka (Zambia), Harare(Zimbabwe), and metropolitan areas in South Africa rich minerals South Africa eg. Johannesburg, Durban, and Cape Town Reflects the legacy of apartheid Racial segregation in Cape Town Cultural Coherence and Diversity No institutionalized form of religion No widespread unified language Many Lacks of African are multilingual a history of widespread political union Common history of slavery and colonialism African language groups Can be divided into two types (1) Associated with other parts of the world Afro-Asiatic (North Africa, Ethiopia, Somali) Islam Austronesian (Madacascar) indonesian settlement Indo-European (French, English, Afrikaans) colonialism (2) Unique to the region Nilo-Saharan (Southern Sudan, Sahel) Khoisan (Kalahari) Niger-Congo Bantu migration Bantu Migration Swahili is the most widely spoken Sub-Saharan language Religion Combine animist practices and ideas with their observances of Christianity and Islam Introduction of Christianity A.D. 200 ~ Northern Ethiopia: Coptic form of Christianity 1600s ~ South Africa: European settlers and missionaries (1600s) Dutch settlers Mid 1800s ~ Former British colony – Protestant Christianity Former French, Belgian, Portuguese colony – Catholicism U.S. – Pentecostal, Evangelical, Mormon Introduction of Islam 1000 years ago introduced to Sahel from North Africa Later, southward spread from Sahel Interaction between religious traditions Unlike other regions, religion is not a source of political conflict in the Sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of Sudan Coexistence Nigeria: Hausa (north) & Igbo, Yoruba (south) Eritrea: Half Christian, half Muslim Eastern coast: Eastern Islam & Hinterland Animist Conflict Sudan: Muslims in north vs non-Muslims in south African music tradition trade melding of African cultures with Amerindian and European ones Slave eg. Rumba, jazz, bossa nova, the blues, rock & roll Congo’s Authenticity Movement Introduced by President Motutu Subsidies to musical groups Franco’s OK Jazz band: rumba + Congolese folk music Soukous: dance step & music style eg. Papa Wemba Music as political conscience Singer Fela Kuti was voice of political conscience for Nigerians struggling for democracy Lyrics critical of military government Geopolitical Framework Long duration of human settlement Ethnic conflicts after the colonial era Indigenous kingdoms Influenced by Egypt and Arabia B.C. 2000 Nubia (northern Sudan) A.D. 200 Axum (northern Ethiopia, Eritrea) The first Indigenous African states in the Sahel Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu City-states in the Gulf of Guinea Ife/Oyo, Benin, Dahomey, Ashanti Later profit from the slave trade in the 16th, and 17th century Early Sub-Saharan states and empires European colonization Failed/limited due to diseases until mid 1800s Portuguese in Angola and Mozambique Dutch in South Africa Quinine made colonization possible Scramble British for Africa in the 1880s seizure of Egypt (1882) Empire-building Berlin Conference Gathering of 13 countries in 1884 in which SubSaharan Africa was carved up and traded around No Africans Borders participated drawn with disregard for African cultures European colonization in 1913 Establishment of South Africa Dutch settlement (1652~) in Cape Town Became Afrikaner or Boer Slowly expanded towards north and east Developed social system based on racism British seizure of Cape district (1806) Afrikaner migration (1835-43?) Afrikaner establishment of two republics (1850s) British incorporated the Zulu (1900) Establishment of South Africa Establishment of South Africa Boer War (1899-1902) British-Afrikaner tension over mineral wealth in Transvaal (South African Republic) The British annexed two republics to form the union of South Africa South Africa’s independence (1910) Afrikaner’s National Party gained control (1948) Introduced apartheid Construction of black homelands by ethnic group Establishment of South Africa Establishment of South Africa Townships segregated neighborhoods for nonwhites, located on outskirts of cities Opposition Free to apartheid during 1960s ~ 1980s election (1994) Elimination of Homelands Establishment of South Africa Decolonization and independence Beginning in 1957, smooth transition Organization of African Unity (OAU) (1963) Continent-wide organization Mediate disputes between neighbors Former Portuguese colonies: Angola, Mozambique armed resistance Socialist-oriented rebel movement during Cold War Enduring political conflict Lack of institutional framework for independent government; lack of higher education Difficult to establish cohesive states because of legacy of Berlin Conference European colonial powers have drawn boundaries without regard for cultural and political geographies Enduring political conflict Refugees People who flee their state because of a well-found fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political orientation 3 million Africans (2000) Internally displaced persons People who flee from conflict but still reside in their country of origin 13 million Africans (2000) Ethnic conflicts Rwanda (1994) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1996) Liberia (1989-96) Sierra Leone (2000) Somalia (early 1990s) Secessionist movements Republic of Katanga (1960), Congo State of Biafra (1967), Nigeria Eritrea (1993), Ethiopia Province of Equatoria, Sudan Postcolonial conflicts Big man politics Occurred when presidents refuse to let go of reigns of power Military governments, one-party states, and presidentsfor-life are the norm Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia Corruption of political institutions Disproportionate spending on the military 1990s saw growth in multi-party states and free elections Economic and Social Development Negative economic growth Roots of African poverty – environmental factors Infertile soil Erratic patterns of rainfall Paucity of navigable river Virulence of tropical diseases Roots of African poverty – historical and institutional factors Slave trade depopulation, flee into refuges Colonization little investment in infra., rather interested in natural extraction Impedes internally dynamic economy Failed development policies economic nationalism less competitive industries Agricultural and food policies low prices of crops opted for subsistence agriculture Focus on export crops failure to meet staple food needs Corruption: kleptocracy Links to the world economy Major export & import : E.U., U.S. Low connectivity But expansion of mobile telephone More aid than investment Little foreign investment too poor and unstable Debt relief program Given to countries that are determined to have “unsustainable” debt burdens States qualify for different levels of debt relief provided they present a poverty reduction strategy Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique… South Africa Largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa Well-developed, well-balanced industrial economy Healthy agricultural sector World’s mining superpowers Gold Worst production distributions of income in the world Oil and mineral producers Oil Nigeria, Gabon, Cameron Republic of Congo Equatorial Guinea Mineral resources Diamond - Namibia, Botswana Leaders of ECOWAS Nigeria Second largest economy Oil money urban growth Ivory Coast, Senegal Commercial centers Economic downturn in the 1980s Ghana Economic recovery in the 1990s Debt relief negotiation (2001) East Africa Kenya Good infrastructure by African standars 1 million foreign tourists Agricultural exports of coffee dominate economy Tanzania form of socialism – Ujaama World’s largest per capital recipient of foreign aid Built African Poorest states Sahel Horn of Africa Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia Conflict-afflicted states Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad Burundi, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Etc. Malawi, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, and Zambia Low life expectancy child mortality rate paucity of health care Extreme poverty Environmental hazards (drought) Environmental and infectious diseases (malaria, cholera, SIDS, and measles) High Women and development Invisible contributors to local and national economies Dominates informal sector which accounts for 30 to 50% of GDP Status of women No social liabilities cf. South Asia, SW Asia, North Africa Discrimination Prevalence polygamy, practice of “bride-price”, denial of property inheritance Practice of female circumcision, or genital mutilation