Download 39-1 The Endocrine System

Biology
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39-1 and 2 The Endocrine
System
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39-1 The Endocrine System
39-1 The Endocrine System
What is the function of the endocrine
system?
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39-1 The Endocrine System
39-1 The Endocrine System
1. made up of:
a. glands that release their products into
the bloodstream
b. products deliver messages throughout
the body.
c. chemicals released can affect almost
every cell in the body.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Hormones
2. Hormones:
a. chemicals released in one part of the body
that travel through the bloodstream
b. affect activities of cells in other parts of
the body.
c. bind to specific chemical receptors on
cells.
1. If a cell doesn’t have receptors or
receptors don’t respond to a hormone,
that hormone has no effect on it.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
3. Glands:
organ that produces and releases a
secretion.
A. 2 kinds of glands:
1. Exocrine glands:
release secretions directly to organs that
use them.
2. Endocrine glands:
release secretions directly into the
bloodstream.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
4. 7 major glands in the endocrine system:
A. Hypothalmus
B. Pituitary gland
C. Parathyroid glands
D. Thyroid glands
E. Adrenal glands
F. Pancreas
G. Reproductive glands
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
5. Hypothalamus
A. makes hormones that
control the secretions of
pituitary gland.
B. Influenced by hormone
levels and sensory
information
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
6. Pituitary gland
A. Secretes 9 hormones
regulate body functions
B. Controls other
endocrine glands
C. Divided into 2 parts
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
The Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior Posterior
pituitary pituitary
Pituitary
gland
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Pg 1004
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
7.Thyroid
a. Regulates body’s
metabolism
b. Produces thyroxine
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
(Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism: the body produces too much
thyroxine. It is characterized by elevated temperature
and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, and
weight loss.
Hypothyroidism: the body produces too little
thyroxine. It is characterized by lower temperature
and metabolic rate, lack of energy, and weight gain.
Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an
iodine deficiency.)
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Esophagus
Trachea
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
8. Parathyroid glands
a. release parathyroid
hormone
b. regulates the level of
calcium in the blood.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
9. Thymus
a. During childhood,
releases thymosin
b. stimulates T cell
development and proper
immune response.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
10. Adrenal glands
a. release epinephrine
and norepinephrine
b. helps body respond
to stress.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
11. Pancreas
a. produces insulin and
glucagon
b. regulates level of
glucose in blood.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Pancreas
c. Diabetes Mellitus
•When the pancreas fails to produce or properly
use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
12. Pineal gland
a. releases melatonin
involved in rhythmic
activities, such as daily
sleep-wake cycles.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Reproductive Glands
13. What are the functions of gonads
(reproductive glands)?
a. production of gametes
b. secrete sex hormones.
14. 2 types of gonads:
a. female-ovaries
b. male-testes
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
15.Testis
a. produce testosterone
b. responsible for sperm
production and the
development of male
secondary sex
characteristics.
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39-1 The Endocrine System
Glands
16. Ovary
a. produce estrogen and
progesterone.
b. Estrogen is required for
the development of female
secondary sex
characteristics and for the
development of eggs.
c. Progesterone prepares the
uterus for a fertilized egg.
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Hormone Action
17. Hormone Action
a. classified as:
1. Steroid hormones:
* produced from a lipid called cholesterol.
*can easily cross cell membrane
2. Nonsteroid hormones:
* include proteins, small peptides, and
modified amino acids.
*can’t pass through cell membrane
*bind to chemical receptor
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Prostaglandins
18.Prostaglandins
a. Hormone like substance
b. Produced in small amounts by all cells
(except red blood cells)
c. affect nearby cells and tissues, known as “local
hormones.”
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Control of the Endocrine System
19.Control of the Endocrine System:
regulated by feedback mechanisms
(that function to maintain homeostasis)
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Control of the Endocrine System
Controlling
Metabolism
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Control of the Endocrine System
Example: Controlling Metabolism
Thyroxine, a hormone of the thyroid gland, affects
the activity of cells throughout the body, increasing
their rate of metabolism.
A drop in thyroxine decreases the metabolic
activity of cells.
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Control of the Endocrine System
If thyroxine is low, the hypothalamus secretes
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which
stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH).
TSH stimulates the release of thyroxine.
High levels of thyroxine in the blood inhibit secretion
of TRH and TSH, which stops the release of
additional thyroxine.
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39-1
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Cells that have receptors for a particular
hormone are called
a. nerve cells.
b. target cells.
c. exocrine cells.
d. endocrine cells.
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Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream
and affect the activities of other cells are known
as
a. hormones.
b. receptors.
c. enzymes.
d. messengers.
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Melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities
such as sleep-wake cycles, is released by the
a. gonads.
b. pineal gland.
c. prostate gland.
d. thyroid gland.
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Which group of hormones act on target cells by
binding directly to DNA in the nucleus?
a. steroids
b. nonsteroids
c. proteins
d. second messengers
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39-1
Metabolism is maintained by feedback loops
involving the
a. hypothalamus, gonads, and adrenal glands.
b. hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid
gland.
c. anterior pituitary, pancreas, and thyroid
gland.
d. thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and
pancreas.
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