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Cerebral Cortex Medical Neuroscience Dr. Wiegand Comparative Anatomy human cat rat Human cortical cortical expansion expansionnot not strictly strictlydue due Human toenlarged enlarged motor motoror orprimary primarysensory sensoryareas areas to Longitudinalfissure fissure Longitudinal Gyri& & Gyri sulci sulci Lateral Lateralor or Sylvian Sylvian fissure fissure 1 Landmarks Centralsulcus sulcus Central Precentral & postcentral gyri ParietoParietooccipital occipital sulcus sulcus Lateral Lateralor or Sylvian Sylvian fissure fissure Preoccipital Preoccipitalnotch notch Lobes poles Frontal lobe Parietal lobe operculum Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Medial Surface Centralsulcus sulcus Central Frontal lobe Parietal lobe ParietoParietooccipital occipital sulcus sulcus Occipital lobe 2 Frontal lobe •Sup./mid./inf. gyri •Precentral gyrus/sulcus •Pars orpercularis, triangularis, orbitalis Parietal Lobe •Post central gyrus •Supramarginal and angular gyri •Superior parietal lobule •Temporal Lobe • Sup./mid./inf. gyri •Transverse gyri •Corpus callosum •Callosal sulcus •Cingulate gyrus/sulcus •Anterior commissure •Superior frontal gyrus •Paracentral lobule •Precuneus •Cuneus •Calcarine sulcus •Lingual gyrus •Fornix •Septum pellucidum •Gyrus rectus •Olfactory sulcus/tract/bulb •Olfactory stria •Orbital gyri •Occipitotemporal gyrus •Parahippocampal gyrus & uncus •Collateral & rhinal sulci •Ant./post. perforated substance 3 Deep Telencephalic Nuclei claustrum Gray Matter of the Cerebral Cortex | | Archicortex – 3 layers (hippocampus) Neocortex – 6 cellular layers Hippocampal formation = hippocampus + dentate gyrus 4 Neocortex Neocortex – 6 cellular layers | I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Molecular layer – mostly neuropil External granular layer – stellate cells External pyramidal layer – small pyramidal cells Internal granular layer – stellate cells Internal pyramidal layer – large pyramidal cells Multiform layer – multiple cell types sensory association motor I II Association & Commissural III Thalamocortical afferents IV Corticofugal efferents V VI Corticothalmic efferents Brodmann Areas Area 4 = primary motor cortex Areas 3, 1,2 = primary somatosensory cortex Area 17 = primary visual cortex Areas 41, 42 = primary auditory cortex 5 White Matter intracortical intercortical projection fibers Commissural Fibers | Anterior Commissure z | Posterior Commissure z | Preoptic nuclei (vision) Habenular Commissure z | Inf. & mid. temporal gyri, olfactory areas Habenular nuclei (olfaction) Corpus Callosum z z Connects hemispheres Rostrum, genu, body & splenium Commissural Fibers | Anterior Commissure z | Posterior Commissure z | Preoptic nuclei (vision) Habenular Commissure z | Inf. & mid. temporal gyri, olfactory areas Habenular nuclei (olfaction) Corpus Callosum z z Connects hemispheres Rostrum, genu, body & splenium 6 Association Fibers | | Short fibers – connect adjacent gyri Long fibers z z z z z Superior longitudinal fasc. Arcuate fasciculus Inferior longitudinal fasc. Cingulum – septal area, cingulate and parahippocampal gyri Uncinate fasc. – orbital frontal gyri to temporal pole Projection Fibers Internal Capsule Organization medial lateral 7 Cortical Functional Organization Precentral gyrus Similar organization in visual, auditory and somatosensory cortices 8
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