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The Age of Exploration
E
Europeans Explore the East
E l
th E t
World Map C. 1550
Europeans Explore the East
For “God, Glory, and Gold”
“ d l
d ld”
1. Setting the Stage
a Europeans had been exploring during the
a. Europeans had been exploring during the Crusades. Marco Polo journeyed to the Far East.
b For the most part Europeans had no interest
b. For the most part, Europeans had no interest
or ability to explore foreign lands
c. By 1400s, a desire for wealth
B 1400
d i f
l h coupled with l d ih
advanced sailing technology sparked exploration.
•
The Crusades
• 1095‐1291
• Series of military campaigns • European Christians invaded European Christians invaded
the “Holy Lands” of the Middle East including Jerusalem
East including Jerusalem
• Middle Eastern Muslims vowed to wage jihad to regain control of territories
regain control of territories.
Marco Polo Italian merchant It
li
h t
Traveled through Asia
1271 to 1295
His memoir introduced
His memoir introduced Europeans to geography and of ethnic customs and diversity of the
and of ethnic customs and diversity of the Middle East and Asia.
• During his 23 years in Asia, he worked as special During his 23 years in Asia he worked as special
envoy for Mongol leader Kublai Khan, traveling to places in Asia not visited by Europeans
places in Asia not visited by Europeans.
•
•
•
•
“God, Glory, and Gold”
• G
God: Continued expansion of Catholic Church by d C ti
d
i
f C th li Ch h b
spreading Christian beliefs and conversion
– Crusades led to Christians’ idea that non‐
C
d l d t Ch i ti ’ id th t
believers were uncivilized
• Glory: European nations competed for supremacy Gl
E
ti
t df
over their rivals by taking control of trade routes and lands
and lands
• Gold: Spices and luxury goods not available in Europe were sold at high prices
Europe were sold at high prices
– High demand + low supply = high prices
– Italian merchants dominated the trade
It li
h t d i t d th t d
2. Europeans Seek New Trade Routes
a. Main desire for exploration: New routes
i d i f
l
i
of f
trade (spices & luxury goods from Asia)
b. Demand was greater than supply meant merchants could charge high prices
c. England, Spain, Portugal, and France wanted to yp
bypass Italian merchants and find new sea routes for themselves
d Europeans also used Christianity as a reason to d. Europeans also used Christianity
as a reason to
travel: They wanted to convert non‐Christians throughout the world
throughout the world
3. Tools of Exploration
a European ships improved with technology (p 531)
a. European ships improved with technology (p.531)
b. New vessel: The caravel
i Sturdier than earlier vessels
i. Sturdier
than earlier vessels
ii. Triangular sails stronger against the wind
iii Large cargo area
iii. Large cargo
iv. Shallow draft allowed it to explore close to shore
v. Sextant was an instrument used to determine latitude and longitude
latitude and longitude
vi. Astrolabe helped determine location at sea
vii Chinese magnetic compass to track direction
vii. Chinese magnetic compass to track direction
Technology Sextant
Caravel Astrolabe M
Magnetic Compass i C
4. Portugal Leads the Way
a. Portugal led the way in sailing innovations
a. Portugal led the way in sailing innovations
b. First country to establish trading outposts on west coast of Africa
c. Prince Henry son of the king, was Portugal’s most enthusiastic explorer
d Th P i
d. The Prince wanted to make his country rich
t dt
k hi
t i h by trading b t di
for treasures of in the East and spread Christianity
e. Bartolomeo Diaz sailed to the eastern side of Africa and e. Bartolomeo
Diaz sailed to the eastern side of Africa and
reached its tip
f. da Gama and crew were astonished by spices, silks, and gems found in India
f
d
d
g. da Gama’s remarkable 27,000 mile journey was worth 60 times the cost of the trip and provided Portugal with a times the cost of the trip and provided Portugal with a
direct sea route to India • vb
Vasco da Gama
5. Spain Also Makes Claims
a Spain watched Portugal with envy
a. Spain watched Portugal with envy
b. 1492 Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance a bold plan of finding a sea route to
to finance a bold plan of finding a sea route to Asia ‐‐‐> Instead his arrival in the Americas begins a process that will change the world
begins a process that will change the world
c. Portuguese suspected Columbus reached Asia
and that he claimed land for Spain that Portugal and that he claimed
land for Spain that Portugal
had already claimed
d This increased the tension over exploration d. This increased the tension
over exploration
between Spain and Portugal
e The Pope stepped in to settle this dispute e. The Pope
stepped in to settle this dispute
Christopher Columbus
Italian: Cristoforo Colombo
Spanish: Cristóbal Colón
The earth is flat Myth! No educated person thought that
Much farther than he realized
Much farther than he realized
King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain backed him in spite of not believing his claims
him, in spite of not believing his claims
• Took 4 trips, insisted that he was visiting Asia
• Called the peaceful natives (Taino, Arawak, & Lucayan) “Indios”
• Gold hungry & cruel to natives as Governor •
•
•
•
•
Result: • Line of Demarcation of 1494: Line that divided i
f
i
f
i
h di id d
Spain and Portugal’s claims. Spain got land west
of the line, which included most of the Americas, f h li
hi h i l d d
f h A
i
Portugal got lands to the east which included parts of modern‐day Brazil. Signing the Treaty
f
d
d B il Si i
h T
of f
Tordesillas, Spain and Portugal agreed to honor the division.
h di i i
The Line of Demarcation
The Line of Demarcation
6. The Dutch (Netherlands)
a. The people of the Netherlands declared their p p
independence from Spain in 1581 and established the Dutch Republic
b By 1600 the Dutch had the largest fleet of ships in the b. By 1600, the Dutch had the largest fleet
of ships in the
world: 20,000 vessels
c. The Dutch East India Company: a business that minted money made treaties and could raise an army
money, made treaties, and could raise an army.
i. Was richer & more powerful than British East India Company
ii. Competed with the Portuguese, English, and France
for dominance in India.
7. European authority remained limited to ports. In spite of bringing profit to European businesses, their influence
rarely spread inland
rarely spread inland.
Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company
•
•
•
•
•
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
Vereenigde
Oostindische Compagnie
Dutch trading company founded in 1602 Protect Dutch trade interests in India
h d i
i
di
Gain Dutch Indepence from Spain
“Eighty Years War”