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Chemical Hazard vs. food Case Studies Group for Food Safety Risk Assessment December 2013 Alle Dinge sind ein Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift. Allein die Dosis macht, daß ein Ding kein Gift ist. "All things are poison and nothing is without poison. Only the dose makes that a thing is not a poison." Theophrastus Phillippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim Paracelso Content 1. GROUP FOR FOOD SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT (UERIA) 2. Acrylamide in panela 3. Arsenic in rice 4. Mycotoxins in Cereals 5. Organochlorines in meat and milk 6. Mercury in fish GROUP FOR FOOD SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT (UERIA) National Health Institute of Colombia • We are a technical and scientific group aimed to provide scientific support to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary authorities, who are responsible of adopt or enforce food safety measures and formulate policy-making processes. • UERIA follows risk assessment techniques developed by relevant international organizations, such as Codex Alimentarius (FAO/WHO). Challenges • From its creation in 2009, UERIA group has performed several studies in hazard/food combinations, systematic reviews and scientific concepts about relevant issues for Colombian food safety. • Through UERIA Colombian Government is working to improve food safety standards of national production aimed to face international challenges derived from current free trade agreements. (USA, Canada, EFTA, Mexico, UE, Chile, and others), as well as coming agreements (Korea, Japan, Turkey Costa Rica) Acrylamide in sugar cane “panela” Scientific concept Why? Codex International Standard of sugar cane “Panela”. The possibility of acrylamide in panela. caused by chemical reactions between the components due to changes in temperature and pH in some foods. Terms of reference (TOR) 1. ¿Does the presence of acrylamide in panela a risk factor for health? 2. ¿ Which are the sources of Acrylamide in Panela? 3. ¿ What is the DMU of acrylamide in food?, What are those levels? 4. ¿ What are the techniques for the determination of acrylamide in food? Características generales Conclusions • The presence of Acrylamide in foods is a risk factor for health and this chemical hazard is classified in Group 2A by IARC, considering a possible carcinogen. • Acrylamide on panela, it should be noted that acrylamide is not a food additive is a product of the Maillard reaction, this being a reaction which occurs in the presence of reducing sugars and a free amino group (for example the asparagine) that may be present in raw food materials. The cane juice (raw material panela) has reported the presence of reducing sugars and asparagine in low concentrations. Conclusions • The term DMU can not be applied to acrylamide, it is not a food additive. • Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as the most used techniques by international agencies and scientists to determine acrylamide in food research. Recommendations • Priority is a chemical characterization of sugar cane juice and sugarcane production region. This should be focused on the determination of reducing sugars and free amino acids. • Sampling plan panela-producing region that includes the monitoring of acrylamide in the final product. • Promoting research by academia or research groups to document relevant information to the presence of acrylamide in sugar. • Encourage technological development in the laboratories of the country, especially in the actions they perform inspection, monitoring and control in food, in order to have reliable methodologies to report results of the acrylamide content in panela and other foods Team Natalia Milena ACOSTA AMADOR Yuly Andrea GAMBOA MARÍN Jazmín Mercedes MANTILLA PULIDO María Pilar MONTOYA GUEVARA Iván Camilo SÁNCHEZ BARRERA Reviewers: Teresa Pérez Hernández Silvia Liliana Resnik Arsenic in rice Risk Profile Why? • Arsenic: naturally occurring mineral. • Presence in groundwater. • Inorganic arsenic (III) and (IV) IARC carcinogen for humans. • Arsenicosis (skin, lung and kidney cancer) • IDMT rice is 25 times higher than the contribution from drinking water China. • Study by INVIMA requires analyzing information and its impact on public health. TOR 1. The levels of arsenic in Colombian rice, may even be considered as a risk for the population? 2. The possible sources of arsenic may contaminate rice (presence in soils, irrigation water or agricultural inputs)? Scope and Limitations • We only have total arsenic monitoring in rice • The document not include water and fish • Not include also poisoning associated with occupational exposure • The study was limited to raw white rice Prevention and Control • Water used to irrigate crops should not exceed 0.1 mg Arsenic / liter • The rainfed crops, decrease the bioavailability of Arsenic and its accumulation in the plant. • Improve drainage in soils used for rice cultivation. • No arsenical pesticides • Control of suppliers in production. • Vegetarian group associated with high consumption of rice. • Use potable water in washing and preparing the rice. Team Natalia Milena ACOSTA AMADOR Bibiana Carolina BARON MENDOZA Ana Karina CARRASCAL CAMACHO Diana Ximena CORREA LIZARAZO Ángela María OTÁLVARO ÁLVAREZ Henry REYES PINEDA Gonzalo TABORDA OCAMPO Reviewers: Silvia Resnik Alicia Fernández Cirelli Rodolfo G. Wuilloud Mycotoxins in Cereals Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in corn arepa in Colombia Why? Corn is one of the most consumed foods in Colombia. Arepa is a traditional food. Increased consumer promotion programs and production of this product. Program managers have interested in monitoring the health status of this product. TOR 1. What is the substrate pair (maize, wheat and rice) mycotoxin (DON and AFB1) higher risk for the Colombian population, based on the exposure assessment? 2. Based on the selected pair in the TOR 1, What are the most consumed products in the country that can generate risk Colombian population? 3. What are the measures of prevention and control recommendations in order to reduce contamination of the selected products in the TOR 2? Scope and objectives Develop a qualitative risk assessment for the selected pair, identify prevention and control recommendations propose, in response to TOR 2 and TOR 3. F = Maize Diet Prevention and control recommendations According to the FAO the presence of fungi and mycotoxins can be reduced mainly by the application of good agricultural practices during harvesting, drying and storage. Preventing mycotoxins focuses on two strategies: 1. Prevent the synthesis of mycotoxins in agricultural products 2. Food decontamination by removal or destruction of mycotoxins Prevention and control recommendations • Support and strengthening of inspection programs at ports, airports and border crossings • Refresh the current regulations on control and levels of mycotoxins in foods. • Expand research on mycotoxins including greater coverage in food, and in the studied mycotoxins. Also that analytical methods are quantitative. • Strengthen the infrastructure of existing laboratories for mycotoxin analysis. Team Bernardo CLAVIJO Diana Ximena CORREA Andrea GAMBOA MARÍN Viviana GONZÁLEZ RUEDA Olga Lucía MARTÍNEZ ÁLVAREZ Teresa PÉREZ HERNÁNDEZ Olga Liliana ROJAS CONTRERAS María Consuelo VANEGAS Organochlorine pesticides in meat and milk Risk Profile Why? • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are associated with environmental damage and a variety of toxic effects in animals and humans. • Persistence, bioconcentration and biomagnification through the food chain. • There are prohibitions and restrictions on the use, sale and purchase of organochlorine pesticides, however, still residues of these pesticides in the environment. • Stockholm Convention monitoring and study of the presence of POPs in food. TOR 1. What organochlorine pesticides could be found as residues in bovine meat and milk in Colombia? 2. From predictive estimates and results of national studies of organochlorines in meat and milk in Colombia, compared with the current legislation of the country, which of organochlorine pesticides identified as residues in the TOR 1 could constitute a risk to public health? 3. Consistent with the production of bovine meat and milk, what regions or departments are likely to have residues of organochlorine pesticides identified in the TOR 1? Scope and objectives Develop a risk profile in order to present the risk manager an overview of the current status of organochlorine pesticide contamination through consumption of meat and milk from cattle produced and marketed in Colombia. Organochlorine pesticides under study correspond to those of greater use and marketing in Colombia in the past, . whose residues may be present in meat and milk Endosulfán DDT Aldrín Dieldrín Endrín Heptacloro HCH (Lindano) Toxafeno Clordano 2,4D Picloram Triclopyr Team Cilia Leonor FUENTES DE PIEDRAHITA Javier Francisco REY RODRIGUEZ William ALBARRACÍN HERNÁNDEZ Howard JUNCA DÍAZ María Pilar MONTOYA GUEVARA Ángela María OTÁLVARO ÁLVAREZ Teresa PÉREZ HERNÁNDEZ Henry REYES PINEDA Iván Camilo SÁNCHEZ BARRERA Mercury in fish Risk assessment of mercury in fresh fish Why? High apparent fish consumption mainly in areas surrounding rivers Government policies. Surveillance systems. Environmental concern. Research on residues in fish samples. Elevated levels in biological samples in mining areas and in areas of fish consumption. TOR 1. What are the economic activities and their impact areas that contribute most to the addition of mercury (Hg) in fish from inland waters of Colombia? 2. What are the species that could pose greater accumulations of mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) identified in the TOR 1? 3. What is the risk associated with consumption of the species identified in the TOR? 4. What are the preventive measures to minimize exposure by fish consumption with Hg and MeHg and possible intervention strategies? Scope and objectives • To determine the risk of adverse effects associated with the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish from inland waters in Colombia and establish the possible prevention and intervention strategies to minimize exposure of the Colombian people to this danger. • Assess the risk associated with the consumption of fresh fish of Colombia, fisheries and aquaculture, and excludes marine species. Economic activities associated with the emission of mercury in Colombia • • • • • Primary extraction of metals, especially gold and silver Production and use of fuels / energy sources Production of recycled metals and metals Production of raw materials and chemicals Production processes and consumer products with intentional use of mercury use and disposal of products and substances containing mercury • Disposal of sanitary waste landfills and wastewater treatment • Waste incineration, crematoria and cemeteries Preliminary Findings Risk group: children and pregnant women. High adverse effect on health of exposure to Hg and MeHg. Many varieties of fish Hg levels and residual MeHg. Intake may exceed the allowable contaminant levels in terms of underestimation of consumption. Team Álvaro WILLS FRANCO Claudio JIMÉNEZ CARTAGENA Guillermo DUQUE NIVIA Héctor SUAREZ MAHECHA Jennyfer ALEJO RIVEROS José Igor HLEAP José Luis MARRUGO NEGRETE Mary Luz OLIVARES TENORIO María Pilar MONTOYA GUEVARA Iván Camilo SÁNCHEZ BARRERA Finally ... • Dynamic process. • Synergy between the risk manager and the evaluator. • Promotion of the research. • Link Academia & Government. Thanks for your attention Dirección Vigilancia y Análisis de Riesgo en Salud Pública Subdirección de Análisis de Riesgo en Salud Pública Grupo de Evaluacion de Riesgos en Inocuidad de Alimentos (ERIA) María Pilar Montoya Guevara [email protected] Instituto Nacional de Salud Correo electrónico: [email protected] Teléfono (57-1) 220 77 00 Extensión 1333 Bogotá, COLOMBIA www.ins.gov.co Línea gratuita nacional: 01 8000 113 400