Download Computer Network

Internetworking
by
Kudang B. Seminar
What is Internetworking?
• Internetworking : suatu bentuk hubungan,
kerjasama atau kemitraan yang
mendayagunakan TI (teknologi informasi)
berbasis jaringan (internet, intranet,
ekstranet)
• Trend: menuju pada Internetworked
Enterprises (B-to-B, B-to-C, G-to-G, G-to-B,
G-to-C)
Sociotechnological
Environment
Management
Strategies
Organization
Structures
Business
Processes
People and
Cultures
Information
Systems and
Technologies
How Information Technology
Support The Globalization of
Business?
Drives of
Change
Competitive
Environment
Globalization
Efficient
Global
Technology
Markets
Competitive
Response
Global
Business
Operation and
Alliances
Implementation
The Networked
Global
Corporation
Developing Networked Organizational
Applications
• Not just a technical issue
• Not just a social issue
• Goal: Seamless internetworking of the
enterprise and its enabling networked
technologies
Shift of Paradigm in Business:
Towards Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI)
Video
Conference
E-Mail
LAN/
WAN
CableTelevision
Merging of Computing
& Communications
Fax
Voice
mail
Pagers
Phone/
Celullar
Businesses’ Trend
• Becoming internetworked enterprises
• Supported by computer networks to
allow fast & accurate data exchange
and expansion of business scale with
better coordination, and cooperation
• Widely distributed enterprises
connected via MAN, WAN, LAN
Trend of Telecommunication
Technology
Toward the use of the Internet and other open
and interconnected local & global digital
networks for multimedia with heavy use of
high speed fiber optic lines and satellite
channels to form a global information
superhighway system.
Information Superhighway
An advanced high speed Internet-like
network that connects individual
households, businesses, government
agencies, libraries, schools, universities,
and other institutions with interactive
voice, video, data and multimedia
communications.
ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network)
A network that provides integrated
services of data exchange in various
forms: voice, video, data, images, and
multimedia communications.
Business Telecommunications
Telecommunications: sending of information
(voice, data, text, and images) from place to
another.
supported by
Telecommunications Networks
include
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
Electronic
Commerce
Systems
Internal
Business
Systems
Enterprise Collaboration
Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
E-Mail
Voice Mail
Discussions Forums
Data Conferencing
Voice Conferencing
Video Conferencing
Electronic Meeting
Enterprise Collaboration Systems
Electronic Commerce Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
On-Line POS (Point of Sale)
Web Retailing & Wholesaling
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
E-Funds Transfer
E-Banking
Interactive Marketing
Supply Chain Management
Scope of E-Commerce
E-Commerce Architecture
Internal Business Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Internal Transaction Processing
Inquiry Processing
Intranet Web Publishing
Workflow Systems
Activity Monitoring
Process Control
Management Support Systems
Product Development Process
Enterprise Application Architecture
Mobile Banking Systems
Mobile Banking Systems
Business Value of
Internetworking
• Overcome geographic barriers
• Overcome time barriers
• Overcome cost barriers
• Overcome structural barriers
Internet, Intranet, Extranet
Layered System View
Intranet
Extranet
Internet
Corporate members
Clients, partners, customers
Global society: competitors
What is Internet?
• a worldwide system of computer networks
• a public, cooperative, and self-sustaining
facility accessible to hundreds of millions of
people worldwide
• use a set of protocols called Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
What is Intranet?
• Networks connecting an affiliated set of
clients
• Using standard Internet Protocols,
especially TCP/IP and HTTP, and some
FTP
• IP-based network of nodes behind a set of
firewalls
What is Extranet?
• part of a company's intranet that is extended to
users outside the company
• securely share part of a business's information
or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners,
customers, or other businesses
How Does Intranet Work?
Establish an internal network
• Via LAN (Local Area Network)
• Via WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Via MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
which rely on ISDN (Integrated Services of
Digital Network)
When TCP/IP protocols are set up, web servers &
browsers can be installed to give access to the Intranet.
FASILITAS INTERNET
•
•
•
•
E-mail: person-to-person messaging
Telnet: logon on into a remote computer (remote login)
Chatting: interactive conversations
WWW (World Wide Web): retrieve, format, & display
information (text, audio, graphics, video) using hypertext
links
• BBS (Bulletin Board System): discussion groups
• Archive: search database of documents, software
• WAIS: Locate files in databases using keywords
What Tools are in Intranet?
•
•
•
•
•
A decision-making tool
A complete communication tool
An expert’s tool
A customer tool
A human resource tool
Benefits of Extranet
• Cost-effective communication in corporate
• Fostering actual/real interaction of knowledge
• Providing more flexibility in human’s abilities
to do jobs
• Promoting secure system of access &
interaction
• Becoming corporate communication tools
Corporate can use Extranet for
• Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI) or XML
• Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those "in the
trade"
• Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts
• Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies
• Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of
other companies, such as an online banking application managed by
one company on behalf of affiliated banks
 Share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies
Security for Intra- & Extra-net
• require firewall server management, the
issuance and use of digital certificates or
similar means of user authentication,
encryption of messages, and the use of
virtual private networks (VPN) that tunnel
through the public network.
Customer Relationship
Management (CRM)
• an information industry term for methodologies,
software, and usually Internet capabilities that help an
enterprise manage customer relationships in an
organized and efficient manner
• an enterprise builds a database that describes
relationships in sufficient detail so that management,
salespeople, and customer service reps can access
information; match customer needs with product plans
and offerings; remind customers of service
requirements; know what other products a customer
had purchased; etc.
Supply chain management (SCM)
• the oversight of materials, information, and
finances as they move in a process from supplier
to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to
consumer
• involves coordinating and integrating these flows
both within and among companies
• ultimate goal of any effective supply chain
management system is to reduce inventory (with
the assumption that products are available when
needed)
• Related to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Three types of flows in SCM
• The product flow
• The information flow
• The finances flow
Internetworking for
Business Functions
Kudang B. Seminar
What Are Business Functions?
Accounting
 Finance
 HRM (Human Resource Management)
 Production & Operations Management
 Marketing
 Resource (buildings, equipment, tools)
Planning & Management

What Are Operational Business
Functions?
Operating & Executing Tasks
 Reporting
 Scheduling
 Observing

Characteristics of Operational
Business Functions






Covering short-term period
Involving short & quick analysis
Observing current information
Requiring fast, secure, & easy data
access from internal sources
Covering regular & structured actions
Involving a small group of specialized
people
What Are Managerial Business
Functions?







Monitoring & Analyzing
Directing & Controlling
Validating & Securing
Generating & Selecting Alternatives
Planning & Forecasting
Maintaining, Retrieving, & Distributing
Crucial Information
Brainstorming
Characteristics of Managerial
Business Functions






Covering short-, medium-, & long-term
period
Involving comprehensive analysis
Observing past, current, & future
information
Requiring fast, secure, & easy data access
from internal & external sources
Covering regular & irregular (ad-hoc)
actions
Involving group of inter- discipline,
department, division, background &
interest, culture, role, & expertise
Accounting
Order Processing
 Inventory Control
 Accounts Receivable
 Accounts Payable
 Payroll
 General Ledger

Finance
Cash Management
 Credit Management
 Investment Management
 Capital Budgeting
 Financial Forecasting

HRM
Compensation Analysis
 Employ Skills Inventory
 Personnel Requirement Forecasting
 Merit Systems
 Recruitment
 Education, training, and upgrading

Production Operations





Manufacturing Resource Planning
Manufacturing Execution Systems
Process Control
Operation Scheduling
Quality Control
Marketing
Marketing Info.
Systems
Interactive
Marketing
Market Research
& Forecasting
Sales Force
Automation
Mass Marketing
Advertising &
Promotion
Direct
Marketing
Sales
Management
Product
Management
Customer Service
& Support
Modes of Marketing
Mass Marketing
Direct
Marketing
Interactive
Marketing
Distribution
Channels
Broadcast & print
media
Postal service
Internet,
Extranet, Intranet
Market
Strategy
High volume
Targeted goods
Targeted
audience
Enabling
Technology
Story boards &
desktop
publishing
Databases &
statistical tools
Web servers &
browsers,
netcasting,
discussion forums
Author of
Marketing
Materials
Ad agencies
Ad agencies &
companies
Companies &
consumers
Expected
Outcome
Volume sales
Profitable sales,
data for analysis
Data for analysis,
relationships, new
product ideas,
profitable volume
sales
Channels for Improving Business
Functions
Collaboration & participation
 Distribution & coordination
 Communication
 Concurrency/Parallelism
 Resource Sharing
 Re-engineering

Examples of Internetworking that Supports
Reengineering of Business Process







Prospect tracking and management systems using
corporate intranets
Portable sales force automation systems using the
Internet & Extranets
Portable networking for field and customer site
communication via Internet or Extranet
Web-based Expert systems for configuration,
shipping, and pricing
Predictive modeling for continuous product
replenishment based on broad market needs
Customer, supplier, product & production databases
…
Internetworking for Strategic
Advantage
Kudang B. Seminar
5/8/2017
Kudang B. Seminar
51
Fundamentals of Strategic
Advantage
• An enterprise must survive in the globally
competitive era
• Internetworking can change the way
businesses compete
• Internetworking is designed & implemented as
vital competitive networks that help an
enterprise achieve its strategic objectives
5/8/2017
Kudang B. Seminar
52
Information Systems as a
Strategic Resource
Competitive Marketplace
Externally
Strategic
Company A
Internally
Strategic
5/8/2017
Company B
Inter-Firm
Strategic
Focus
“Alliance”
Kudang
B. Seminar
53
Competitive Forces
•
•
•
•
•
Rivalry of competitors within its industry
Threats of new entrants,
Threats of substitutes,
The bargaining power of customers, and
The bargaining power of suppliers
Competitive Strategies
•
•
•
•
•
Cost Leadership Strategy
Differentiation Strategy
Innovation Strategy
Growth Strategies
Alliance Strategies
5/8/2017
Kudang B. Seminar
55
Cost Leadership Strategy
• Become a low cost producer of products
and services
• Find ways to help suppliers or customers
reduce their costs
• Increase the costs of competitors.
Differentiation Strategy
• Develop ways to differentiate products and
services from competitors.
• Reduce the differentiation advantages of
competitors.
Innovation Strategy
•
•
•
•
Develop new products & services
Enter new markets or marketing segments
Establish new business alliances
Find new ways of producing
products/services
• Find new ways of distributing
products/services
Growth Strategies
• Significantly expand the company’s
capacity to produce goods and services
• Expand into global markets
• Diversify into new products and services
• Integrate into related products and services.
Alliance Strategies
• Establish new business linkages and
alliances with customers, suppliers,
competitors, consultants and other
companies (mergers, acquisitions, joint
ventures, forming virtual companies, etc.).
Breaking Business Barriers
•
•
•
•
Break time barriers.
Break geographic barriers.
Break cost barriers.
Break structural barriers.
Break structural barriers
• Internetworking can help a business develop
strategic relationships by establishing new
electronic linkages with customers,
suppliers, and other business entities.
Creating a Virtual Company (VC)
VC is an organization that uses information
technology to link people, assets, and ideas.
Characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adaptability
Opportunism
Excellence
Technology
Borderless
Trust-based
Business strategies of VC
• Share infrastructure and risk
• Link complementary core competencies
• Reduce concept to cash time through
sharing
• Increase facilities and market coverage.
• Gain access to new markets and share
market or customer loyalty
• Migrate from selling products to selling
solutions.
Using the Inter-, Intra-, Extra-net
Strategically
• Cost and Efficiency Improvements
• Performance Improvement in Business
Effectiveness
• Global Market Penetration
• Product and Service Transformation
• System Security
Electronic Commerce
Electronic Commerce: Buying and selling of information, products,
and services via computer networks that
make up Internet, Intranet, or Extranet
Perspective
• Comunications
To deliver info., products/services & payments over
the telephone, communication networks or other
means
• Bussiness
To automate bussiness transactions and work flows
• Service
To cut service costs while improving the quality of
goods and increasing the speed of service delivery
• Online
To provide capability of buying and selling
products & information over the Internet and
other online services
Business models on the Web
A business model is the method of doing business by which a
company can sustain itself -- that is, generate revenue
The basic categories of business models include:
Brokerage
Advertising
Infomediary
Merchant
Manufacturer
(Direct)
Affiliate
Community
Subscription
Utility
WebBisModels.doc
Organizational
Applications
Consumer - Enterprise
Consumer - Consumer
Department Department
Enterprise Enterprise
Other Apps
 Departmental Apps
 OLTP
 Workflow
 Enterprise Apps
 ERP
 Decision Support
 Knowledge Management
 Electronic Commerce
Questions
 How standardized are organizational
processes?
 Customer service
 Finance
 Manufacturing
 Is software a good way to propagate
best practices?
Electronic commerce
 Two varieties:
 Supply chain management: extension of
ongoing business processes to suppliers
and customers
 Marketplace: dynamic, opportunistic
transactions conducted over the network
 Question:
 What are some characteristics of these
options, in terms similar to social
applications?
Electronic marketplace
 Matching buyers and sellers
 Deferred-publication style
 Recommender systems
 Negotiating terms
 Task or work group
 Electronic auctions
 Consummation
 Electronic payments and fulfillment
 Customer service
Payment options





Account transfer authorization
Credit/debit card
Digital cash
Privacy
Security
Recommender systems
 Extend and systematize the “reference”
 Suggest coupled sales
 Customer service:
 discussion forums
 knowledge bases
Mass customization
 Requires supply chain management
 Just-in-time production
 Supplier component integration (e.g.
Dell)
Superstore
 Dynamic consolidation of multiple
suppliers
 Major application of XML
 Consistent presentation
Information Supply
Chains
Off-line Info
Mass Communication
Word-of-Mouth
On-line Info
Text
Image
Sound
Personal Communication
Referral
Systems
Recommender
Systems
Search Engines
Motivation
• Recommender Systems
 Find things liked by people who are similar to you.
 Books, Albums, Movies and so on.
• Information Retrieval systems
• Store, index, and search the human knowledge in
the forms of text, image, and sound.
• Web search engines.
• Much valuable information might not be online
 Economic aspect: Value of information is partly
determined by how hard it is to find!
 Social aspect: People may be reluctant to state
sensitive information publicly; for example,
 "Does Ford make good cars?"
 "Does Smith do good research?"
Searching Social Networks
• Where is this kind of information?
• Resides in the informal person-to-person social
networks.
• Much information exists in people’s heads as
private knowledge.
• Can only be accessed by asking a person.
• How do people find an appropriate service or person?
• Approach: through referrals (Jenny ->Neon -> Mark).
• Finding the relevant referrals is not always easy!
 Can we automate the process using software
agents?
Software Agents
 Software agents
• Computer programs which can perform a set of
tasks autonomously for their users.
• Know enough about its user and her activities &
context to be genuinely helpful.
• Properties
• Autonomy
• Pro-activeness
• Reactivity
• Social Ability
 Multiagent systems
 A subarea of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI).
 A set of computer programs which can cooperate
to solve inherently distributed problems.
Referral Systems
 A multiagent system for modeling, visualizing, and
searching social networks
 Each user is assigned an agent, and the agents
cooperate to search social networks by giving and
following referrals.
 The agent generates and updates the information of its
user and neighbors
 Scans (all) private email and files
 Indexes keywords and phrases
 Creates list of acquaintance models
 The agent matches requests against the profile
 Using information retrieval techniques and only
forward relevant messages to their users.
82
Global View of Referral Systems
Internetworking in Global
Management
Kudang B. Seminar
5/8/2017
Kudang B. Seminar
84
Global IT Management
Global IT Management
Cultural, Political, Geo-economic challenges
Business/IT
Strategies
Application
Portfolios
Technology
Platforms
Data
Management
Systems
Development
Global Company
A global company is a business that is driven by
a global strategy which enables to plan and treat
all its activities in the context of a whole-world
system, and therefore serve its local and global
customers with excellence.
Towards a Global Company
Today
Global
Geographic Concept
Business Concept
Centralization/Decentralization
Any Place
Mechanistic
Holistic
Isolationism
Low Boundaries
Not Invented Here
Network of Trust
Geographic Presence
Cultural Fit
Central Controllers
Core Connectors
Replication of Resources
Economic of Scales
Stove Pipe Connection
Great Network
Communications
Short Term View
Long Term View
Business Drivers for Global IT
•
•
•
•
•
Global customer
Global products
Global operations
Global resources
Global collaboration
Global IT Platforms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Internet or Internet-Like
High computing systems
Cyber & International Laws
Information/Data Encryption & Decryption
Open Systems
GDSS
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (DBMS)
by
Kudang B. Seminar, PhD
e-mail: [email protected]
Database sebagai Komponen Vital Sistem
Informasi
Performance
Control System
Data
Process
Data Store
N E TWAR E
Info
Data vs Information
Data: raw facts or observations
Information : data that have been
transformed into a meaningful and
useful context for specific end users
Data
Information
Data Sales person
Sales Values
Sales Units
Data
Processing
Sales Analysis
Sample Business Application
Sample Tabular View of Sales
Sample Pivot Chart for Sale Analysis
Akusisi Data Geografis
Data Geografis Yang Tersimpan
Produk Informasi Geografis
Basis Data (Database)
Koleksi terpadu dari data-data yang saling
berkaitan yang dirancang untuk suatu enterprise.
Data
Alumni
Data
Dosen
Data
Mhs
Data
Mkul
Analisis Kebutuhan Data
(Data Requirement Analyisis)
• Think and conceptualize business objects and logic
• Identify information needed -> then what data are needed
• Formulate what computer applications are needed?
Dokumentasikan hasil Analisis dengan Alat Bantu
Permodelan (Modeling Tools)
Kasus Contoh: Data Requirement Analysis
Forward Support Analysis
Sources of
Data
Supporting
Data
Supporting
Information
Management
Objectives
Management
Functions
Backward Requirement Analysis
• BAAK
• KRS
• Academic Progress
• Monitoring Student Progress …
• Monitoring
• Faculty
• Transkrip
• Treated Students
• Directing Student Research …
• Directing
• Dept.
• Supervisi
• Student Potentials
• Planning for Remedial Efforts .
• Planning
• Study
Program
• Research
List
• Academic Problem
• Acting on Remedial Plan …
• Acting
Contoh Kasus: Analisis Kebutuhan Data Mhs
Data
Info
KRS, Transkrip
IPK Kumulatif
Status Akademik
Mhs
Warning 1, 2, 3,
rekomendasi
D.O or Extended
Minat riset &
PTA mhs, Data
PTA
Profile minat
riset & PTA
mhs, Beban
PTA
Analisis minat riset
& PTA mhs
Alokasi PTA utk
mhs
Alokasi final PTA
utk mhs
Catatan riset
mhs, Trankrip,
KRS.
Kemajuan riset
mhs
Status Akademik
Mhs
Rekomendasi
perlakuan
Eksekusi
perlakuan
Catatan riset
mhs, Trankrip,
KRS
Profile
kelulusan mhs:
lama studi &
prestasi akad.
Analisis kelulusan:
rerata lama studi,
ranking akademik
Rekomendasi
program
akselerasi studi
Eksekusi
akselerasi studi
Data=  Info= 
Data1..n
Info1..n
Monitoring
Directing
Acting
Management Functions =  Monitoring
 Directing  Acting  Mencapai
Target Academic Excellence?
Utilisasi Vs Ketersedian Informasi
•
•
•
•
Ada dan Diperlukan
Tak ada dan Diperlukan
Ada dan Tak Diperlukan
Tak Ada dan Tak Diperlukan
Perlu
Ada
Tak Ada
Tak Perlu
Data Acquisition &
Information Production
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Koleksi terpadu dari sekumpulan program (utilitas) yang
digunakan untuk mengakses dan merawat database
Users
DBMS
Utilitas
Database
Application Programs on Top of DBMS
Users
Application programs
DBMS
Database
Keuntungan DBMS
• Data menjadi shareable resources bagi berbagai
user dan aplikasi
• Metoda akses, penggunaan, dan perawatan
data menjadi seragam dan konsisten
• Pengulangan (redundancy) data dan
kemajemukan struktur data diminimisasikan
• Ketaktergantungan data terhadap program
aplikasi (data independence)
• Hubungan/relasi logik (logical relationship)
antar data terpelihara secara sistematik.
Conventional Data Management
Application
Application
• Data merupakan milik aplikasi tertentu, akses data lintas
aplikasi menjadi sulit
• Umur data (data lifetime) tergantung kepada umur aplikasinya
• Potensi pengulangan dan inkosistensi data tinggi
• Metoda akses, penggunaan dan perawatan data cenderung
tak seragam
• Struktur data antar aplikasi berpeluang tidak kompatibel
Examples of software tools in DBMS
• Designing : ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram), DDL (Data
Definition Language)
• Inputing & Manipulating: DML (Data Modification
Language), QL (Query Language), Multimedia processor
• Searching & Retrieving: QL (Query Language): SQL * QBE
• Converting & Squeezing: Encoder & Decoder, Data
Converter & Squeezer, Multimedia processor
• Optimizing : Data Organizer & Analyzer
• Calculating: Math & statistical functions
• Presenting: Report Generator, Multimedia Processor
Pendekatan DBMS memungkinkan berbagi guna sumberdaya
(data, utilitas, program) antar sistem aplikasi
Multiple Systems
Shareable
Resources
Data Management Life Cycle
• Need of changes
Real World
• Observing
• Identifying
• Updating
• Monitoring
• Protecting
• Browsing
• Conceptualizing
• Representing
• Structuring
• Analyzing
• Optimizing
• Coding
Data Modeling: Methods & Tools
Why Modeling?
Order
“Modeling captures essential
parts of the system.”
Dr. James Rumbaugh
Item
Ship via
Business Process
Visual Modeling is modeling
using standard graphical
notations: chart, diagrams,
objects, symbols
Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Hierarchy of Data Abstractions
View 1
View 2
…
View n
External Level
Conceptual
schema
Conceptual
Level
Internal schema
Internal Level
Database
Physical Level
Tingkatan Abstraksi Data

Extenal Level : describes only part of database
relevant to specific users

Conceptual Level : describes “what”

Internal Data : describes “how” data is organized &
to store
(entity & attributes) , constraints, semantics, data
integrity & security, also relationhips among data
stored (memory allocation, indexing, compressing)

Physical Level : describes file structures comprising
database
Data Model
Definition: Integrated collection of concepts,
theories, axioms, constraints for description,
organization, validation, and interpretation of data.
Usage: a fundamental set of tools & methods to
consistently & uniformly view, organize, and treat
database .
Types Data Models
Record-Based
Model



Relational
Hierarchical
Network
Object-Based
Model




Entity-relationship
Semantic
Functional
Object Oriented
Relational Data Model
Representation of data as an integrated
collections of inter-related tables
Samples of Relational Data
Field/attribute
record
record
CourseCode CourseName
SIM105
MIS
AKO104
DBMS
ID
MMA.101
StudentName
Rudi Wibowo
MMA.102
Melinda
Credit
3
3
ID
MMA.101
MMA.101
MMA.102
CourseCode
SIM105
AKO104
SIM105
Hierarchical Data Model
Representation
of data as a tree
structure (oneto-many
relationships)
Sample of Hierarchical Data
Country
Province
City
Province
City
Network Data Model
Representation of
data as a network
structure (many-tomany relationships)
Sample of Network Model
Departmen
Employee
Research Work
Fund Source
Departmen
Employee
Projects
Fund Source
Entity Relationship Model


Representation of data as entity, attribute, &
relationship
Mainly used for conceptual modeling &
designing of database
StudentID
Student
Grade
Year
Take
Supervise
Code
Course
Instructor
Teach
ID
Functional Data Model


Representation of data using logic: predicate
logic, proportional logic, & functional logic
Mainly for expert system & Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
Facts:Is-bird (pigeon)
Is-bird (?x) -> Has-wings (?x)
Rules:
Has-wings (?y) -> Can-fly (?y)
•Can-fly (pigeon)
Derived
Facts: •Has-wings (pigeon)
Greater-Than(BodyTemperature-Of (?x)),
37)  Is-human (?x)

Conclusion Is-Sick (?x)
Object-Oriented Data Model
Encapsulation of attributes & behaviors
Inheritance of object attributes & behaviors : single or
multiple inheritance
Interobject communication by message exchange
Object
attribute
attribute
Behavior
Behavior
Message
Message
Object
attribute
attribute
Behavior
Behavior
Sample of Object-Oriented Model
Creature
• Breathing
• Reproducing
• Eating
Human
Animal
• IS-A Creature
• IS-A Creature
• Intelligent
• Less Intelligent
Student
Herbivor
• IS-A Human
• IS-A Animal
• Enrolled in University
Rudi Wibowo
• Eats plants
Eli Rosida
• Instance-of Student
• Instance-of Student
• Nrp: MMA.101
• Nrp: MMA.102
Steps of Designing DBMS
• Determine what to store
• Determine what relations exists
• Determine what data services are needed
• Determine what data model is suitable
Data Warehouse
Kudang B. Seminar
What is Data warehouse?
• Data warehouse is an architecture for
•
•
organizing IS.
Data warehouse as a subject- oriented,
integrated, time variant, non-volatile
collection of data in support of
management’s decision making process
Data warehouse systems consist of a set
of programs that extract data from the
operational environment, a database that
maintains data warehouse data, and
systems that provide data to users
The Goal of Data Ware House?
• to provide a "single image of
business reality" for the
organization
Fundamental Ideas Behind the
Successful Data Warehousing
• Operational vs. Decision Support Applications: One impetus for
•
•
•
•
data warehouse is the unsuitability of traditional operational
applications for typical decision support usage patterns;
Primitive vs. Derived Data: A critical success factor in data
warehouse design is understanding knowledge workers’
demand demand for detailed vs. summary data;
Time Series Data: Data warehouse often supports analysis of
trends over time and comparisons of current vs. historical data;
Data Administration: Another critical success factor is senior
management commitment to maintenance of the quality of
corporate data
Systems Architecture: A system must be architected when it is
very complex, requires the integration of many disciplines, or is
developed in the face of uncertain requirements.
Operational vs Decision Support
Systems
• Operational systems, like generalledger, materials
management, or order processing, generally access and
update the record of a single business object or event: one
account, one inventory item, or one order. Transactions are
generally pre-defined, and require the database to provide
very fast access one record at a time.
• DSS/EIS users are traditionally managers who think about
the big picture long term. Databases supporting decision
support should be able to retrieve large sets of aggregate
and historical data within a reasonable response time.
• By separating these two very different processing patterns,
the data warehouse architecture enables both operational
and decision support applications to focus on what they do
best and therefore provide better performance and
functionality
Converting Data for Warehouses
Alignment of data warehouse entities with the
business structure
Corporate Data for Warehouses
A corporate data warehouse is a
process by which related data from
many operational systems is merged to
provide a single, integrated business
information view that spans all
business divisions.
Architecture of Data Warehouse