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Vocabulary
• Drought – rainfall below normal for a long period of time
• Commercial Agriculture – business of producing crops to sell
• Cordillera – several mountain ranges running parallel to one another
North America
Physical Geography
• From the cold arctic of Canada to the warm tropics of Mexico
• Land elevation rises from east to west
• A few mountain ranges with plains/plateaus in the middle
• Major cities developed on the major rivers
• Climates range from extreme cold to extreme heat
The Great Plains
• Runs in the middle of the continent
• Nutrient rich soil and the climate make farming here successful
• Crops grown here feed the continent with enough left to export
• Commercial agriculture is common
• Droughts can happen
• Deposits of oil and natural gas found here
Western Mountains and Deserts
• Rocky Mts and Sierra Nevada Mts form a cordillera
• Area between is the Great Basin; dry and sandy
• Rain shadow effect is the cause
• Contain mineral deposits
• SW Canada has natural gas
Mexico’s Mountains and Plateaus
• Mexico has the Sierra Madre Mts running along each side, with a
plateau in the middle
• Some areas are prone to volcanic activity, leaving volcanic soil
• Volcanic soil is a big help to Mexico’s economy
• Mineral deposits and oil are a boost to the economy
Label the following on the map:
• Canada
• Mexico
• United States
• Mexico City
• Houston, TX
• Washington, DC
• Ottawa, Canada
• Rocky Mountains
• Appalachian Mountains
• Atlantic Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
• Arctic Ocean
• Hudson Bay
• Gulf of Mexico
• Labrador Sea
QUIZ!!!!
Covering the Physical Geography, Exploration and
Colonization, Settling Quebec, and Revolution and
Independence
A-Day: Thursday
B-Day: Friday
Vocabulary
• Constitution – a document that organizes government and states its
powers
• Amendment – formal changes to a law
• Naturalization – the process that someone born in another country
follows to become a citizen
• Due Process – specific rules that authorities must follow
Exploration and Colonization
Settlers from:
• Spain – The Spanish settled in St. Augustine, Florida
• Britain – The British settled in Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth,
Massachusetts
• Sweden – The Swedish settled in Delaware.
• France – The French settled along the St. Lawrence River
• Netherlands (Dutch) – Settled in Albany, New York
Settling Quebec
FRENCH:
• Wanted – to explore and settle in New France and to trade with
Native Americans
• But – The climate was difficult for farming. The British competed for
land and trade
• So – The settlement was small. The French were defeated by the
British, but retained their culture in Quebec
Settling Quebec
BRITISH:
• Wanted – to take control of New France
• But – The French had already established a major settlement and
trade with Native Americans. Tensions in the colonies meant the
British needed loyalty of French subjects.
• So – The British conquered Quebec and gained control of New France.
They passed the Quebec Act, which accepted French law and allowed
Catholicism.
Revolution and Independence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1760s: The British government taxes American colonists
1773: Boston Tea Party takes place
1775: American Revolution begins in Massachusetts
1776: Leaders sign the Declaration of Independence
1781: British troops surrender at Yorktown
1783: Treaty of Paris is signed by both sides
US Constitution
• After the American Revolution, the US was governed by the Articles
of Confederation. It did not effectively balance the power between
the state and federal government and the states were not united.
• In 1789, American leaders met to improve the Articles of
Confederation, but instead wrote a new constitution
• The main idea was to grant freedoms and limit government control
• This constitution has become a model for other countries
• Constitution can be amended to change with the times
• The first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights
Citizens’ Rights and Responsibilities
• Government consists of three branches:
• Executive – President
• Legislative – Congress
• Judicial – Supreme Court
• Citizens enjoy basic rights and freedoms (guaranteed by the Bill of
Rights)
• Responsibilities include casting a fair vote and obey laws
History of Mexico – Maya and Aztecs
MAYA
• Society formed around 100BC
• Settled the Yucatán in Mexico and northern Central America
• Recorded history with hieroglyphics
• Declined around 900 AD
History of Mexico – Maya and Aztecs
AZTEC
• Settled Mexico City around 1325
• Tenochtitlan was built on islands
• Chinampas for growing food
• Had warriors and conquered neighbors
• Practiced slavery
• Declined in 1500s
History of Mexico – Maya and Aztec
BOTH
• Created complex calendars
• Formed highly developed civilizations
• Declined
Generalizations – The Mayan and Aztec civilizations were powerful and
complex cultures, and both eventually declined.
History of Mexico – The Conquistadors
Cortés and 500 Spanish explorer-soldiers arrive in Mexico in 1518 to
search for land and Aztec wealth.
• Cortés saw that the Aztecs were hated by other native groups.
• Aztec ruler Montezuma welcomed the conquistadors, believing
Cortés was a god
• Motivated by Aztec wealth, the conquistadors waged war, killing
Montezuma and defeating the Aztecs
• The Spaniards were victorious across Central America, building a vast
and wealthy empire
History of Mexico – The Conquistadors
Explain – Cultures clashed, biggest reasons for Aztec defeat?
• The Spanish exposed the Aztecs to new diseases. Huge numbers of
native populations died from things like smallpox, and this weakened
them against the Spanish.
History of Mexico – Mexican Independence
• Peninsulares – Those born in Spain
• Criollos – Spanish background but born in Mexico
• Mestizos – Mixed Spanish and Native American heritage
• Native Americans and Slaves
History of Mexico – Mexican Independence
• Miguel Hidalgo – Led an army to get the peninsulares to give up
power, attacked them and criollos
• José Morelos – wanted Mexican independence from Spain and social
equality but the Spanish did not surrender
• Augustín de Iturbide – Army leader who issues a plan that would
make peninsulares and criollos equal, made himself emperor
• Antonio López de Santa Anna – rebelled against Iturbide and forced
him into exile, made Mexico a republic