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CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY
Biological Sciences Department
Manila*Malolos*Makati
SYLLABUS
PRZO 114
Subject Code
I.
Zoology 114
Subject Title
Vertebrate Embryology
Descriptive Title
5
Credit Unit (s)
3 hrs lec; 6 hrs. lab
Hour(s)/Week
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course deals with the study of the growth and development of a vertebrate from a single cell into a multicellular organism. It includes the
different ontogenetic states of development of the different vertebrates putting emphasis on the amniotes. It makes the students understand how the
psychology of reproduction and developmental stages go on their body and learn the practical applications of embryonic development in their lives.
Pre-requisite: Zoology 11 and Zoology 102
II.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the semester, the students should be able to:
1. identify and describe the principles and theories concerning the ontogenetic phases of development of a vertebrate;
2. explain the genetics of vertebrate embryology;
3. recognize and relate the similarities and differences of the ontogenetic phases of development of the amniotic classes;
4. develop desirable attitudes and moral values on the physiology of reproduction with emphasis on responsible parenthood;
5. apply knowledge of vertebrate embryology on productive endeavors such as animal husbandry and dissection; and
6. demonstrate an awareness on how to value each individual’s life
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III.
COURSE CONTENT
Specific Objectives
Content Outline
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
I. Introduction to the Science of Vertebrate
Embryology
1. describe the main trends of thought
in embryology;
Lecture
1. Ontogenetic development as the subject
matter of embryology
2. The phases of ontogenetic development
3. Historical review of main trends thought
in embryology
4. Interaction of genes with molecules in
specific regions of the cytoplasm
5. Interaction of genes with molecules
provided by interaction with neighboring
cells
2. illustrate and describe the
developmental stages from
gametogenesis to the period of
parturition of a vertebrate; and
3. appreciate the science of
embryology.
1. Enumerate the different contributors
in the field of vertebrate zoology;
2. Explain the taxonomic principles of
vertebrate zoology;
3. Give an itemized outline of
vertebrate zoology;
4. Appreciate the ecological
Importance of vertebrate zoology.
Teaching Strategies
Lecture discussion
Time
Allotment
3 hours
Concept mapping
Evaluative Measures
Graded recitation
Quizzes
Concept maps
(graded with rubrics)
Laboratory
1. The general phases of ontogenetic
development
2. Early development of the frog
a. Gametogenesis and life cycle
b. Fertilization
c. Cleavage
d. Gastrulation
e. Neurulation
f. Organogenesis
g. Hatching and metamorphosis
Lecture discussion using
microprojector
3 hours
Quizzes
Graded write-ups on the
exercise
Viewing of slides using a
microprojector or a
compound microscope
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Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. identify and describe the
developing germ cells in the
seminiferous tubules and ovary;
2. enumerate and discuss the
mechanisms of spermatogenesis
and oogenesis
3. apply the concepts of mitosis
and meiosis in spermatogenesis
and oogenesis
4. explain the changes during the
period of growth of the oocyte
and spermiogenesis of the
spermatocyte
5. compre and contrast oogenesis
and spermatogenesis
6. illustrate the organization of the
egg cytoplasm
Content Outline
II. Gametogenesis
Lecture
1. Spermatogenesis
a. Parts of a seminiferous tubule
b. Germ cells in tubule undergoing
mitosis, period of growth, meiosis 1
and II spermatogenesis
c. Morphogenetic changes of the germ
cells in the tubule
d. Mechanisms of spermatogenesis
2. Oogenesis
a. Parts of the ovary
b. Follicle cells in the ovary
c. Developing germ cells undergoing
mitosis, period of growth meiosis I
and II
d. Changes in the oocyte during the
period of growth
d.1 accumulation of food reserves
d.2. organization of the egg
cytoplasm
d.3 the development of egg coat /
membranes
e. mechanisms of oogenesis
Laboratory
1. Spermatogenesis
a. Frog Testis / Rat Testis
b. Morphogenesis of germ cells in the
seminiferous tubules
c. Structure of the mature spermatozoon
Teaching Strategies
Lecture discussion
Time
Allotment
3 hours
Evaluative Measures
Quizzes
Concept mapping
Graded recitation
Boardwork on outlining the
stages of spermatogenesis
and oogenesis
Concept maps
(Graded with rubrics)
Viewing of slides under the
compound microscope or
microprojector
a. Frog Testis / Rat Testis
b. Frog Ovar / Rat Ovary
Quizzes
4 hours
write-ups on oogenesis and
gametogenesis
(Graded with rubrics)
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Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. explain the mechanism of fertilization
2. conceptualize the biochemical and
physiological events of fertilization
3. recognize and demonstrate the
specific types of fertilization among
amniotes
4. participate in information
dissemination about conception at
fertilization thus preserving life is a
must
Content Outline
Teaching Strategies
Time
Allotment
Evaluative Measures
2. Oogenesis
a. Frog Ovary / Cat Ovary
b. Morphogenesis of germ cells in the
ovary
c. Parts of a mature ovum and its
membranes
III. Fertilization
1. Ultrastructural aspects of fertilization
a. Sperm structure
b. Egg surface structure
c. Sperm-egg interactions
d. Egg Cortical reaction
e. Fate of sperm mithochondria
Lecture discussion
3 hours
Concept mapping
Graded recitation
Quizzes
Concept maps
(Graded with rubrics)
2. The Biochemical and Physiological Events
of Fertilization
a. Events following fertilization
b. Hypothetical relations among the
events in fertilization
3.
Molecular aspects of sperm-egg
recognition
Laboratory
1. Unincubated egg of the chick
Viewing of slides under the
compound microscope
3 hours
Write-ups of fertilization
(Graded with rubrics)
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Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. compare and contrast the
blastula of frog, blastoderm of
chick and mammal
2. recognize and describe their
parts
3. illustrate the differences of the
cleavage in the frog, chick and
mammal
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. describe the amphibian, bird and
mammalian gastrulation
2. compare and contrast the
sequence and mechanisms of
gastrulation among frog, chick,
and pig embryos
3. appreciate the development of
germ layers and their role in
organogenesis
Content Outline
Teaching Strategies
Time
Allotment
Evaluative Measures
IV. Cleavage
Lecture:
1. Cleavage patterns and Mechanisms
2.
Type of cleavage
3.
Role of mitosis in cleavage
4.
Frog cleavage parts of a frog
blastula
5. Bird cleavage, parts of a blastoderm
6. Physiological & biochemical changes
during cleavage
Lecture-discussion
3 hours
Laboratory:
1. Parts of a frog’s early, middle & late
blastula
2. Parts of a bird’s blastoderm
Viewing of slides under compound
microscope or using
microprojector
3 hours
Lecture discussion using
illustrations
6 hours
Concept mapping
Quizzes
Oral recitation
(Graded with Rubrics)
Concept maps
(Graded with ubrics)
Quizzes
Write-ups on cleavage
(Graded with rubrics)
V. Gastrulation
1. Fate maps of amphibians and birds
2. Gastrulation and amphibian (frog)
a. Sequence of events on the surface view
of the embryo (blastopore, dorsal, lateral,
and ventral lips of the blastopore, yolk
plug
b. Mechanisms of gastrulation
c. Sequence of events on the cross section
of the embryo (ectoderm, endoderm,
mesoderm, notochord)
3. Gastrulation in birds and mammals (chick
embryo)
Concept mapping
Quizzes
Oral recitation
(Graded with rubrics)
Concept maps
(Graded with rubrics)
Specific Objectives
Content Outline
Teaching Strategies
Time
Allotment
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Evaluative Measures
a. Sequence of events (primitive streak,
epiblast, hypoblast, primitive groove)
b. Germinal layer formation through
delamination
c. Body folds of the bird’s embryo
d. Extraembryonic folds of the bird’s embryo
e. Mechanism of bird’s gastrulation
Laboratory
1. Parts of the early, middle, late gastrula of a
frog
2. Parts of the primitive streak of a bird’s embryo
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. identify and compare the germ
layers of a frog, bird and pig
embryos
2. discuss how the germ layers are
formed
3. describe and illustrate the
different steps in neurulation of
the amniots
4. value the importance of germ
layer formation and neurulation
Study the slides using
microprojector or compound
microscope
6 hours
Lecture-discussion
3 hours
Quizzes
Write-up
(Graded with rubrics)
Performance in the
laboratory
(Graded with rubrics)
VI. Neurulation and Germ Layer Formation
1. The three layered states of the ff:
a. Amphibian
b. Bird
c. Mammal
2. Mechanisms of Neurulation
3. Steps in Neurulation of amniotes
Concept mapping
Quizzes
Oral recitation
(Graded with rubrics)
Concept map
(Graded with rubrics)
Lecture discussion
Laboratory
1. The formation of the three germ layers in the
amphibian, bird and mammal
2. The neurulation stages in the amphibian, bird
and mammal
Slide viewing of the ff:
1. 24 hr. whole chick embryo
2. 24 hr. cross section of a
chick embryo
3. Frog neurula
4. 33 x 48 hrs. chick embryo
(whole mount and cross
section.)
3 hours
Quizzes
Performance in the
laboratory
(Graded with rubrics)
Write-up
(Graded with rubrics)
Specific Objectives
Content Outline
Teaching Strategies
Time
Allotment
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Evaluative Measures
VII. Early Human Embryo and Primary Germ
Layer Derivatives
1. The Early Human Embryo
a. Gametes
1. discuss and describe human
b. Human gamete anomalies
development from
2. Fertilization, Implantation and Early
gametogenesis to organogenesis
development
2. understand how human birth
3. Placenta: Its functions
defects come about
4. Human Birth Defects
3. manifest desirable attitudes and
a. Experiments with mammalian embryos
values about family planning and 5. Primary germ layer derivatives
birth control
a. Ectodermal derivatives
a.1 Neural tube derivatives
a.2 Neural crest derivatives
a.3 Epidermal derivatives
b. Mesodermal derivatives
b.1 Epimere derivatives
b.2 Mesomere derivatives
b.3 Hypomere derivatives
c. Endodermal derivatives
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. The human ovary and testis
2. Fertilization, Implantation and early
development of chick and pig embryos
Viewing of the slides using the
microscope/microprojector
1. Human ovary/testis (x.s)
2. 18,24,33,48,72 hrs. chick
embryos (whole mount and
cross section)
4 hours
Quizzes
Write-up of the
exercises
(Graded with Rubrics)
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Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. describe the mechanisms of
morphogenesis
2. illustrate and identify the parts of a
chick/pig embryo during
morphogenesis
3. demonstrate how one organ/ structure
induces the morphogenesis of another
organ/structure
At the end of the unit, the students
should be able to:
1. explain the causes of cancer
2. illustrate and describe the cancer cells
vs. embryonic cells
3. Correlate your knowledge of
embryology in understanding the causes
of cancer
Content Outline
Teaching Strategies
Time
Allotment
Evaluative Measures
VIII. Organogenesis
Lecture
Powerpoint presentation
1. Mechanism of morphogenesis
2. Morphogenesis and development of the
following organs
a. the vertebrate brain
b. the vertebrate eye
c. digestive tube development
d. urogenital organogenesis
4 hours
Lecture discussions
Quizzes
Oral report
(Graded with Rubrics)
Concept map
(Graded with Rubrics)
Group reporting
Concept mapping
Laboratory
1. The organogenesis in chick and pig embryos
a. development of the heart
b. development of the central nervous system
c. development of the foregut, midgut and
hindgut
d. development of pharynx and its derivatives
e. development of urogenital structures
IX. Cancer and Embryology (optional topic)
1. causes of cancer
2. tumor types
3. diagnosis
4. cellular aspects: cancer cells vs. embryonic
cells
Lecture discussion
Viewing under the compound
microscope or the
microprojector
Group discussion
6-8 hours
Quizzes
Write-up
(Graded with Rubrics)
Performance in the
laboratory
(Graded with Rubrics)
Graded oral and written
reports
Group reporting
Quizzes
Film viewing
Graded reaction paper
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REFERENCES
Cain, Yoon and Cundy. Discover Biology. 4th ed. W.W. Norton & Company. 2009
Carlson, Bruce M. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th ed, Saunders. 2013.
Gilbert, Scott F. Developmental Biology 9th ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2010.
Gilbert, Scott F. Development Biology 10th ed.. Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2013.
Kalthoff,Klaus. Analysis of Biological Development 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, c2011
Schoenwolf, and Bleyl, et al. Larsen’s Human Embryology. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone. 2008.
Slack, Jonathan M.W. Essential Developmental Biology. 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2012
Starr, Starr and Evers. Biology Today and Tomorrow. 3rd ed. Brooks Cole. 2009.
Thomson, D’Arcy W. On Growth and Form Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2011.
Tyler, Mary S. Development Biology: A Guide for Experimental Study. 3rd ed. U.S.: Canada. 2010.
Wolpert, Lewis and Cheryll Tickle. Principles of Development. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010
Wolpert, Lewis. Developmental Biology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. 2011.
Prepared by
Approved by:
Sgd. Dr. Maria Nelia C. Lopez
Chair, Faculty Committee on Preparation/Review of Syllabus
(Vertebrate Embryology)
Sgd. Dr. Zenaida D.R. Los Baños
Head, Biological Sciences Department
April 2014
Biological Sciences Department
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