Download Literals/Variables

Chapter 2 Elementary Programming
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
1
Motivations
In the preceding chapter, you learned how to
create, compile, and run a Java program. Starting
from this chapter, you will learn how to solve
practical problems programmatically. Through
these problems, you will learn Java primitive data
types and related subjects, such as variables,
constants, data types, operators, expressions, and
input and output.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
2
Objectives
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To write Java programs to perform simple computations
To obtain input from the console using the Scanner class
To use identifiers to name variables, constants, methods, and classes
To use variables to store data
To program with assignment statements and assignment expressions
To use constants to store permanent data
To name classes, methods, variables, and constants by following their naming conventions
To explore Java numeric primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, and double
To read a byte, short, int, long, float, or double value from the keyboard
To perform operations using operators +, -, *, /, and %
To write integer literals, floating-point literals, and literals in scientific notation
To write and evaluate numeric expressions
To use augmented assignment operators
To cast the value of one type to another type
To describe the software development process and apply it to develop the loan payment
program
To avoid common errors and pitfalls in elementary programming
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
3
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
allocate memory
for radius
radius
no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
4
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
memory
radius
no value
area
no value
allocate memory
for area
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
5
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
assign 20 to radius
radius
area
20
no value
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
6
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
memory
radius
area
20
1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
compute area and assign it
to variable area
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
7
Trace a Program Execution
public class ComputeArea {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius;
double area;
memory
radius
area
20
1256.636
// Assign a radius
radius = 20;
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
print a message to the
console
// Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
8
Reading Input from the Console
1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
2. Use the method nextDouble() to obtain to a double value.
For example,
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
double d = input.nextDouble();
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
9
Identifiers
An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier can be of any length.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
10
Variables
// Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
11
Declaring Variables
int x;
// Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a;
// Declare a to be a
// character variable;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
12
Assignment Statements
x = 1;
// Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0;
// Assign 1.0 to radius;
a = 'A';
// Assign 'A' to a;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
13
Declaring and Initializing
in One Step
 int
x = 1;
 double
d = 1.4;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
14
Named Constants
final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
15
Naming Conventions
 Choose
meaningful and descriptive names.
 Variables and method names:
– Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase
for the first word, and capitalize the first letter
of each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
16
Naming Conventions, cont.

Class names:
– Capitalize the first letter of each word in
the name. For example, the class name
ComputeArea.

Constants:
– Capitalize all letters in constants, and use
underscores to connect words. For
example, the constant PI and
MAX_VALUE
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
17
Numerical Data Types
Name
Range
Storage Size
byte
–27 to 27 – 1 (-128 to 127)
8-bit signed
short
–215 to 215 – 1 (-32768 to 32767)
16-bit signed
int
–231 to 231 – 1 (-2147483648 to 2147483647)
32-bit signed
long
–263 to 263 – 1
(i.e., -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807)
64-bit signed
float
Negative range:
-3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive range:
1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
32-bit IEEE 754
double
Negative range:
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
64-bit IEEE 754
Positive range:
4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
18
Reading Numbers from the Keyboard
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int value = input.nextInt();
Method
Description
nextByte()
reads an integer of the byte type.
nextShort()
reads an integer of the short type.
nextInt()
reads an integer of the int type.
nextLong()
reads an integer of the long type.
nextFloat()
reads a number of the float type.
nextDouble() reads a number of the double type.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
19
Numeric Operators
Name
Meaning
Example
Result
+
Addition
34 + 1
35
-
Subtraction
34.0 – 0.1
33.9
*
Multiplication
300 * 30
9000
/
Division
1.0 / 2.0
0.5
%
Remainder
20 % 3
2
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
20
Integer Division
+, -, *, /, and %
5 / 2 yields an integer 2.
5.0 / 2 yields a double value 2.5
5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the division)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
21
Remainder Operator
Remainder is very useful in programming. For example, an
even number % 2 is always 0 and an odd number % 2 is always
1. So you can use this property to determine whether a number
is even or odd. Suppose today is Saturday and you and your
friends are going to meet in 10 days. What day is in 10
days? You can find that day is Tuesday using the following
expression:
Saturday is the 6th day in a week
A week has 7 days
(6 + 10) % 7 is 2
The 2nd day in a week is Tuesday
After 10 days
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
22
Exponent Operations
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 3));
// Displays 8.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(4, 0.5));
// Displays 2.0
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, 2));
// Displays 6.25
System.out.println(Math.pow(2.5, -2));
// Displays 0.16
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
23
Number Literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly
in the program. For example, 34, 1,000,000, and
5.0 are literals in the following statements:
int i = 34;
long x = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
24
double vs. float
The double type values are more accurate than the
float type values. For example,
System.out.println("1.0 / 3.0 is " + 1.0 / 3.0);
displays 1.0 / 3.0 is 0.3333333333333333
16 digits
System.out.println("1.0F / 3.0F is " + 1.0F / 3.0F);
displays 1.0F / 3.0F is 0.33333334
7 digits
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
25
Arithmetic Expressions
3  4 x 10( y  5)( a  b  c)
4 9 x

 9( 
)
5
x
x
y
is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
26
Problem: Converting Temperatures
Write a program that converts a Fahrenheit degree
to Celsius using the formula:
celsius  ( 95 )( fahrenheit  32)
Note: you have to write
celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit – 32)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
27
Augmented Assignment Operators
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
28
Increment and
Decrement Operators
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
29
Increment and
Decrement Operators, cont.
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * i++;
Same effect as
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * (++i);
int newNum = 10 * i;
i = i + 1;
Same effect as
i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10 * i;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
30
Numeric Type Conversion
Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i * 3 + 4;
double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
31
Conversion Rules
When performing a binary operation involving two
operands of different types, Java automatically
converts the operand based on the following rules:
1. If one of the operands is double, the other is
converted into double.
2. Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is
converted into float.
3. Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is
converted into long.
4. Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
32
Type Casting
Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated)
What is wrong?
int x = 5 / 2.0;
range increases
byte, short, int, long, float, double
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
33
Common Errors and Pitfalls
 Common
Error 1: Undeclared/Uninitialized
Variables and Unused Variables
 Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
 Common Error 3: Unintended Integer Division
 Common Error 4: Redundant Input Objects
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
34
Common Error 1:
Undeclared/Uninitialized Variables
and Unused Variables
double interestRate = 0.05;
double interest = interestrate * 45;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
35
Common Error 2: Integer Overflow
int value = 2147483647 + 1;
// value will actually be -2147483648
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
36
Common Error 3: Unintended Integer
Division
int number1 = 1;
int number2 = 2;
double average = (number1 + number2) / 2;
System.out.println(average);
(a)
int number1 = 1;
int number2 = 2;
double average = (number1 + number2) / 2.0;
System.out.println(average);
(b)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
37
Common Error 4: Redundant Input
Objects
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
int v1 = input.nextInt();
Scanner input1 = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a double value: ");
double v2 = input1.nextDouble();
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, (c) 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved.
38