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The Skeleton For descriptive purposes, the skeleton is divided into: Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Axial Skeleton Structured from eighty bones segregated into three regions: Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Axial Skeleton Supports the: Head Neck Trunk Protects the: Brain spinal cord Organs in the thorax Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones of the Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.1 The Skull Most complex bony structure Formed by two groups of 22 bones : The cranial bones or cranium Facial bones Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cranium Made of 8 bones Encloses and protects the brain Furnish attachment sites for: Head muscles Neck muscles Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cranium Eight cranial bones (Thin and remarkably strong for their weight): Paired: Two parietal Two temporal Unpaired: Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frontal Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2a Frontal Bone Forms anterior portion of the cranium Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via: The coronal suture (joint) Major markings: The supraorbital margins The supraorbital foramen The anterior cranial fossa The frontal sinuses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Frontal Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2a Frontal Sinuses: Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11 Parietal Bones Two large, curved, & rectangular bones Form most of : The superior aspect of the skull, and The lateral aspects of the skull Articulate with: other cranial bones through: Four large sutures (joints) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parietal Bones & Major Associated Sutures The four sutures marking the articulations of the parietal bones include: Coronal suture: between parietal and frontal bones, anteriorly Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal bones, superiorly Lambdoid suture: between parietal and occipital bone, posteriorly Squamous suture: where parietal and temporal bones meet Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures Form most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3a Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and base Major markings: The posterior cranial fossa Foramen magnum Occipital condyles External occipital protuberance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2b Temporal Bones Form: The inferolateral aspects of the skull Parts of the cranial floor Divided into four major regions: Squamous (bordering the parietals) Tympanic (surrounds ext. ear opening) Mastoid (posterior to ear) Petrous (lateral portion of skull base) Major markings: Zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes Mandibular fossa and external acoustic meatus Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Temporal Bones Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.5 Sphenoid Bone Butterfly-shaped bone Spans the width of the middle cranial fossa Central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones Consists of central body & three paired processes: Central body: contains paired sinuses Greater wings: forms part of middle cranial fossa, dorsal walls of orbit, and skull wall Lesser wings: forms part of anterior cranial fossa and medial walls of orbit Pterygoid processes: projects ineriorly and forms attachment site for pterygoid muscles (chewing) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sphenoid Bone Major markings: Sella turcica (pituitary gland location) Major openings: Optic canals Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Break Biol2401.5039Oct 3rd Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sphenoid Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6a Sphenoid Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6b Ethmoid Bone Lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones Forms: most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits Major markings: Perpendicular plate Lateral masses (riddled with ethmoid sinuses) Nasal conchae (superior & middle) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ethmoid Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.7 Sutural (Wormian) Bones Tiny irregularly shaped bones Appear within sutures Unknown functiom Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Bones Form the framework of the face Contain cavities for special senses (sight, smell, taste) Provide passageways for air and food Secure teeth Attachment site for facial muscles of expression Made of 14 bones Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Facial Bones Unpaired (two): Mandible Vomer Paired (six): Maxillae Zygomatics Nasals Lacrimals Palatines Inferior conchae Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mandible and Its Markings The lower jaw bone largest, strongest bone of the face Its major markings: Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Alveolar margin Mandibular foramen Mental foramina Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mandible and Its Markings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.8a Maxillary Bones Medially fused bones Make up: Articulate with: The upper jaw All other facial bones except the mandible Major markings: Palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes Alveolar margins Inferior orbital fissure (junction with sphenoid greater wing) Maxillary sinuses (largest of paranasal sinuses) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maxillary Bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.8b Paranasal Sinuses: Maxillary Sinuses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11 Zygomatic Bones (cheekbones) Irregularly shaped bones Form: The prominences of the cheeks The inferolateral margins of the orbits Articulate with the zygomatic processes of the: Frontal bone (superiorly) Maxillae (anteriorly) Temporal bones (posteriorly) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Facial Bones Nasal bones: Thin medially fused bones Form the bridge of the nose Lacrimal bones: Contribute to the medial walls of the orbit Contain a deep groove – the lacrimal fossa The lacrimal fossa houses the lacrimal sac Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Facial Bones Palatine bones: Each is an L-shaped bone of two bony plates One is horizontal and the other is perpendicular Form: The posterior portions of the hard palate Part of posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity Small part of the orbits Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Facial Bones Vomer: Plow-shaped bone Forms part of the nasal septum Inferior nasal conchae: Paired, curved bones In the nasal cavity Form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orbits Bony cavities where eyes are firmly encased Eyes are cushioned by fatty tissue Formed by parts of seven (3 cranial & 4 facial) bones: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Zygomatic Maxilla Palatine Lacrimal Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orbits Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.9b Nasal Cavity Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage Roof formed by: Cribriform plate of the ethmoid Lateral walls formed by: Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid Perpendicular plate of the palatine Inferior nasal conchae Floor formed by: Palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nasal Cavity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10a Nasal Cavity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10b Paranasal Sinuses They are mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs Found in five skull bones: Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Paired Maxillae Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal cavity Mucus drains into the nasal cavity from the sinuses They: Lighten the skull Enhance the resonance of the voice Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paranasal Sinuses Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11 Hyoid Bone Not actually part of the skull Lies just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck Only bone does not articulate directly with another bone Anchors to styloid process of temporal bone by stylohyoid ligament Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during: Swallowing Speech Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Following Slide Are: Only for Reinforcement Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Aspects of the Skull Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Frontal squama of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Nasal bone Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer bone Mandible Mental foramen (a) Mandibular symphysis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2a Posterior Aspects of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture (b) Mastoid process External occipital crest Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Figure 7.2b External Lateral Aspects of the Skull Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar margins Styloid process Mandibular condyle Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus (a) Mandibular angle Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coronoid process Figure 7.3a Midsagittal Lateral Aspects of the Skull Parietal bone Coronal suture Squamous suture Frontal bone Temporal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Frontal sinus Crista galli Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer bone Incisive fossa Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Maxilla Alveolar margins Internal acoustic meatus (b) Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Pterygoid process of sphenoid Mandibular foramen bone Mandible Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.3b Inferior Portion of the Skull Maxilla (palatine process) Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Vomer Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Pharyngeal tubercle of basioccipital Parietal bone External occipital crest (a) Incisive fossa Medial palatine suture Infraorbital foramen External occipital protuberance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Figure 7.4a Inferior Portion of the Skull Olfactory foramina Frontal bone Anterior cranial fossa Cribriform plate Crista galli Sphenoid Lesser wing Greater wing Ethmoid bone Optic canal Anterior clinoid process Foramen rotundum Tuberculum sellae Hypophyseal fossa Sella Dorsum sellae turcica Posterior clinoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Foramen lacerum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Internal acoustic meatus Posterior cranial fossa Anterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone (b) Middle cranial fossa Foramen magnum (c) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior cranial fossa Figure 7.4b