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Introduction to the microcontroller Atmel 8-bit AVR Microcontroller Atmega328P What is microcomputer? History ot computer Microprocessor vs microcontroller Datasheet of Atmega328P What is microcomputer? Mainframe Minicomputer Microcomputer Computer Microcomputer Processor Microprocessor Microcontroller Semiconductor manufacturing processes 10 µm – 1971 6 µm – 1974 3 µm – 1977 1.5 µm – 1982 1 µm – 1985 800 nm – 1989 600 nm – 1994 350 nm – 1995 250 nm – 1997 180 nm – 1999 130 nm – 2001 90 nm – 2004 65 nm – 2006 45 nm – 2008 32 nm – 2010 22 nm – 2012 14 nm – 2014 10 nm – 2017 7 nm – ~2018 5 nm – ~2020 Half-nodes Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Semiconductor_manufacturing_processes Evolution of technology nodes in semiconductor manufacturing processes in log scale. (Source:http://www.spinograph.org/blog/why-nanoelectronics-better-microelectronics) Old stuff What was that in the hands? Source: http://www03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/images/icp/Q969732S50503Q79/us__en_us__ibm100__punched_card__hand_c ards__620x350.jpg That was a program file. Punch card programming Figure: An 80 column punch card (Source: http://watson.latech.edu/book/future/futureEvolving.html) Punch cards for many programs Source of figure: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/punched-cards/2/4 Evolution of computers https://www.google.com.tw/url?sa= i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=image s&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url =http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer history.org%2Fatchm%2Ftheworlds-smallestcomputer%2F&psig=AFQjCNFbFjt v4f1pvJJ6i5F2awOFHqQdQ&ust=14869987 15371280 Definition of a microcomputer A microcomputer - is a computer - Is smaller and cheaper than a mainframe and minicomputer - Contains a microprocessor, memory, and input/output circuitry on a single printed circuit board - Becomes a personal computer when equipped with a keyboard and a display - Is popular in 1970s and 1980s Early microcomputers Model Processor Year Intel SIM8-01 Intel 8008 early 1972 MOS Technology KIM-1 MOS Technology 6502 1975 Motorola MEK6800D2 Motorola 6800 1976 Rockwell AIM-65 6502 Synertek SYM-1 6502 1978 Intel SDK-85 Intel 8085 1978 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_microcomputers Intel processors http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/141277.html Evolution of Intel processors http://www.slideshare.net/JCzakera/it322-intro-0 Microcontroller vs microprocessor Source: https://vinothembedd ed.wordpress.com/ta g/microprocessor/ https://www.google.com.tw/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora. com%2FWhat-is-the-difference-between-a-microprocessor-andmicrocontroller&psig=AFQjCNHbTiPg5YESdmuuWCHI0Zl_E1JvKg&ust=1487008265592343 Introduction in the datasheet Introduction The Atmel® picoPower® ATmega328/P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega328/P achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz. This empowers system designer to optimize the device for power consumption versus processing speed. RISC vs CISC RISC processors We currently see a transition from CISC processors (Complex Instruction Set Computer), which work with a relatively large set of instructions, to RISC processors, which work with a small set of simple, basic instructions. Because the RISC processor has less instructions and therefore less circuits, it is easier to make, it can be miniaturised further and it has a higher processing speed. The high processing speed more than compensates for the fact that a RISC processor must carry out more instructions than a CISC processor to execute the same command. The clock speed of the current processors is usually 100 MHz at the most. The fastest RISC processor of this moment is the Alpha processor by DEC, with 300 MHz. The speed is expected to reach 500 MHz. http://home.kpn.nl/daanrijsenbrij/vision/eng/vis490h1.htm Block diagram Block Diagram of the AVR Architecture Hardvard vs von Neumann Architectures Architecture Contrast Advantage Hardvard Separate instruction and data address spaces Faster at a same circuit complexity Von Neumann Same address space for instructions and data
