Download Recent advances in methionine nutrition for poultry

Recent advances in methionine
nutrition for poultry
Ahmad Mujahid
Sumitomo Chemical Enviro-Agro Asia Pacific
Amino acids
1806 – Asparagine
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet first time isolated
“asparagus” that proved to be “asparagine”
(Ann de Chim 57: 88–93, 1806)
1810 – Cystine
(Philos Trans R Soc Lond 100: 223–30. 1810)
1820 – Glycine and Leucine
(Ann Chim Phys Ser 2 13: 113–25. 1820)
Amino acid in the English language is from 1898
(www.etymonline.com)
1922 – Methionine by Muller - USA (incorrect formula)
1925 – Methionine formula corrected by Odake - Japan
(http://www.peptideguide.com/amino-acids/methionine.html, 2011)
Structure of amino acids
+
H3N
-
COO
R
C
H
General structure of an amino acid
+
H3N
-
COO
C
CH2
CH2 S
H
Methionine
CH3
Amino acid isomers
Amino acids used in protein synthesis must be
in the L-configuration
(The D and L isomers are mirror images of each other)
Animals can utilize some D-isomers (methionine)
Methionine is supplied as racemic (DL) mixture
Methionine synthesis in plants
Aspartate
Aspartate phosphate
Aspartate semialdehyde
Dihydrodipicolinate
Serine
Homeserine
O-acetylserine
O-phosphohomoserine
Cysteine
Threonine
Cystathionine
GSH
Homocysteine
Lysine
Yang
cycle
Methyl
cycle
Methionine
MTA
Biotin
Cell wall synthesis
AdoHcy
Secondary metabolites
Chlorophyll synthesis
DNA replication
SAM
Methyl group
Isoleucine
Ethylene
Decarboxylated SAM
Stoichiometry and metabolic cost in cell
Amino acid
Abundance
per E. coli
Met
Cys
Ile
Thr
Arg
Lys
His
Asp
Ala
Gly
Pro
Ser
Val
Phe
Glu
Trp
Tyr
Leu
0.88
0.52
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.0
0.54
1.4
2.9
3.5
1.3
1.2
2.4
1.1
1.5
0.33
0.79
2.6
ATP synthesis cost
Aerobic
21
11
7
6
5
5
1
0
-1
-2
-2
-2
-2
-6
-7
-7
-8
-9
Anaerobic
23
15
11
8
13
9
7
2
1
2
4
2
2
2
-1
7
2
1
(Phys Biol Cell Garland Sci 178, 2009)
Sources of methionine
Synthetic AA
DL-methionine (DLM)
L-methionine
Powder form
Content: 99%
Liquid methionine hydroxy analog (LMA)
Liquid form
Acid form
Content: 88%
Sources of methionine
Poultry feed
Corn
Soybean meal (SBM)
Corn
Amino acid
Aspartic Acid
Threonine
Serine
Glutamic Acid
Glycine
Alanine
Cystine
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Proline
USA
0.46
0.26
0.38
1.30
0.26
0.55
0.17
0.29
0.14
0.20
0.84
0.24
0.34
0.20
0.18
0.31
0.04
0.59
China JSFA (USA) Thailand Pakistan
0.53
0.29
0.43
1.42
0.31
0.65
0.17
0.34
0.17
0.22
0.96
0.27
0.36
0.25
0.20
0.39
0.05
0.63
(Contents, %)
0.48
0.25
0.34
1.21
0.27
0.54
0.14
0.28
0.12
0.18
0.80
0.26
0.31
0.21
0.18
0.32
0.04
0.59
0.52
0.29
0.42
1.47
0.30
0.61
0.18
0.34
0.18
0.22
0.99
0.27
0.36
0.24
0.20
0.38
0.05
0.61
0.48
0.27
0.38
1.39
0.28
0.63
0.19
0.33
0.16
0.21
0.95
0.28
0.36
0.22
0.22
0.36
0.04
0.65
(SCEA, 2011-13)
Soybean meal
Amino acid
USA
China
Brazil
India
(Contents, %)
Aspartic Acid
Threonine
Serine
Glutamic Acid
Glycine
Alanine
Cystine
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Proline
5.30
1.88
2.67
8.58
2.01
2.06
0.77
1.95
0.67
1.67
3.62
1.58
2.29
2.90
1.14
3.35
0.53
2.08
5.36
1.87
2.69
8.60
2.01
2.07
0.75
1.95
0.66
1.81
3.65
1.62
2.36
2.89
1.13
3.39
0.55
2.09
5.72
1.97
2.84
9.18
2.11
2.21
0.77
2.10
0.66
1.95
3.88
1.74
2.54
3.07
1.20
3.67
0.52
2.22
5.44
1.76
2.48
8.61
2.00
2.16
0.66
2.06
0.54
1.83
3.63
1.59
2.35
2.92
1.26
3.71
0.55
2.01
(SCEA, 2011-13)
Distribution of AA in feedstuff
Dietary essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in body
Amino acid balance in feed materials
Methionine
Phe
Thr
100
0
Trp
Lys
Corn
Methionine
Ile
Leu
Val
Phe
Thr
100
0
Trp
Lys
Methionine
Ile
Leu
Val
Soybean meal
Phe
100
Ile
0
Thr
Trp
Lys
Leu
Val
Fishmeal
(Japn Feed Stand Poult, 2004)
The influence of synthetic amino acid level on the protein level
Ingredient (%)
Corn (%)
SBM (%)
Poultry fat (%)
Limestone (%)
Defluorinated P (%)
Salt (%)
Vit-Min premix (%)
DL-Methionine (%)
L-Lysine HCl (%)
L-Threonine (%)
Un-suppl
+Met
+Met+Lys +Met+Lys+Thr
14.01
70.86
12.22
0.61
1.48
0.40
0.42
UA
UA
UA
57.21
33.91
5.46
0.64
1.73
0.40
0.42
0.23
UA
UA
59.47
31.94
5.10
0.64
1.75
0.40
0.42
0.25
0.03
UA
62.42
29.29
4.62
0.64
1.76
0.40
0.42
0.27
0.07
0.09
3.20
35.60
0.50
2.13
1.37
3.20
21.61
0.55
1.15
0.80
3.20
20.89
0.56
1.10
0.80
3.20
20.00
0.58
1.10
0.80
Composition
ME (Kcal/g)
Protein (%)
Methionine (%)
Lysine (%)
Threonine (%)
(J Appl Poult Res 18 :477–486, 2009)
Metabolic pathway of methionine
DL-HMTB
50%
50%
D-HMTB
L-HMTB
D-HADH
L-HAOX
D-AAOX
Keto-MTB
D-MET
TA
50%
DL-MET
B
50%
L-MET
Proteins
RM
TM
S
Homocysteine
TS
Cysteine
Glutathione
Taurine
Sulfate
(Amino acids 39:633-640, 2010)
Role of methionine
Protein synthesis
Methyl donor
(Cellular metabolism, co-enzyme S-adenosylmethionine)
Metabolic pathway
(Cystine and carnitine)
Polyamine synthesis
Sulfur donor
Role of methionine
Protein synthesis
Methionine is proteinogenic (protein building) AA
Methionine encoded by single Codon AUG
Codon AUG start message for ribosome
Initiation of protein translation from mRNA
Methionine incorporated at N-terminal position of all proteins
(Biol Cell 95 : 169–78, 2003)
Methionine and meat production
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Breast muscle
yield
Abdominal fat
pad
(Poult Sci 83, 1307–1313, 2004)
Methionine and protein expression
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Citrate cycle and calcium
Actin cytoskeleton
Pectoralis muscle
yield
Clathrin-mediated
endocytosis signaling
Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy
Differently regulated by
LM and HM fed chickens
(Poult Sci 91, 2548–2555, 2012)
High temperature exposure
Raising broilers at high temperature
Requirement for total sulfur amino acids
(Sulfur amino acids = methionine and cystine)
(R Bras Zootec, 34:2399-2407, 2005; 35:497-503, 2006)
Methionine and immune system
High dietary methionine
Cellular and humoral immune response
Total serum protein
Blood albumen and globulin
Antibody response to Newcastle disease
Serum aspartate aminotransferase
Serum alanine aminotransferase
(Br Poult Sci 41:83-88, 2000; Int J Poult Sci, 4:856-865, 2005)
Methionine and intestinal health
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Clostridium perfringes
Risk of necrotic enteritis
(Poult Sci 86:2358-2366, 2007)
Methionine and IBD
Dietary methionine in broiler chickens
Bursa lesion score
Immune response
(Poult Sci 91:2173-2182, 2012)
Antioxidant defense
Pro-oxidants
ROS
Methionine
MetO
Antioxidants
Mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS production
O
CoA-SH
H+
R C
O
S-CoA
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
R C
Carnitine Carnitine
CPT-I
Cyt C
Q III IV
I
e- -e II
e- e
IMM
O
CPT-II
R C
O Carnitine
R C
Carnitine
Fo
ATPase UCP ANT
NADH FADH2
S-CoA
CoA-SH
NAD+
-
e
F1
FAD
Uncoupling
LCAD
2-enoyl-CoA
ADP+Pi ATP
3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
Citrate
Oxaloacetate
CS
CoA
Acetyl-CoA
3HADH
Oxidative phosphorylation
-
e
3-Ketoacyl-CoA
O2
Chain shortened
Superoxide
acyl-CoA
O2.-
production
Matrix
Antioxidant defense system created by cyclic oxidation
and reduction of methionine residues
ROS Met
Protein
S
S
MSRox
SH
SH
TRXred
S
S
TRXRox
NADPH
MetO
Protein
SH
SH
S
S
MSRred
TRXox
Methionine-sulfoxide
reductase
Thioredoxin
SH
SH
TRXRred
Thioredoxin reductase
M e t re s i d u e s i n p ro t e i n s c a n p ro v i d e
antioxidant defense through recycling pathway
(FASEB J 23: 464-472, 2009)
Antioxidant defense
Egg yolk of breeding hens supplemented with methionine
Egg albumen of breeding hens supplemented with methionine
(Poult Sci 89: 931-937, 2010)
Methionine requirement of broiler chicken
Strain
Stage
Arbor-Acre plus
Starter
Grower
Finisher 1
Finisher 2
Starter
Grower
Finisher 1
Finisher 2
Starter
Grower
Finisher
Starter
Grower
Finisher
Cobb
Hubbard
ROSS 308
Methionine (%)
Total
Digest
0.51
0.47
0.45
0.42
0.40
0.37
0.38
0.35
0.56
0.50
0.53
0.48
0.48
0.43
0.44
0.40
0.60
0.54
0.54
0.47
0.50
0.44
0.51
0.47
0.45
0.42
0.41
0.38
TSAA (%)
Total
Digest
1.07
0.94
0.95
0.84
0.83
0.73
0.79
0.69
0.98
0.86
0.96
0.84
0.88
0.77
0.80
0.70
1.05
0.90
0.98
0.85
0.90
0.78
1.07
0.94
0.95
0.84
0.86
0.76
Conclusion
Methionine is dietary essential AA and
distribution varies with feed ingredients
its
Methionine metabolism is different for DLM and
HMTB
Methionine is essentially required for protein
synthesis, immunity and biological functions
Methionine protects against
disease and oxidative stresses
environmental,
Methionine is required for growth, production, health
and protection against internal and external stresses
Thank you。 。 。