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MODULE 1
1. Botany as a science, its objectives, thasks, and divisions. Subject “Pharmaceutical Botany”, its
relation to Pharmacognosy and other special professional disciplines and professional activities
of a pharmacist. Role of plants and their usage in medicine.
2. Plant Anatomy: aim, methods and objects of study, the usage in Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy
and other fields.
3. Modern concept of the plant cells and its components’ structure.Protoplast and their
derivatives. Plant cell components having diagnostic value for the plant specimens microscopy.
4. Distinctive featured of plant cell compared with the animal, fungal and that from
cyanobacteria.
5. Plastids, their types, the biological relationship, structure, chemical composition. Plastid
pigments, their practical significance.
6. Vacuole: formation, development, content and importance. Cell juice composition, its
importance and use.
7. Cell inclusions, their formation, classification, localization, diagnostic value.
8. Stored inclusion, classification, accumulation sites, importance.
9. Spare carbohydrates (starch, inulin, sucrose, hemicellulose, etc.): chemical nature, properties,
formation and accumulation in the cell, significance and practical use.
10. Types of starch, forms of accumulation, reactions for starch detection. Starch grains:
formation, structure, types, accumulation sites, diagnostic value, usage.
11. Inulin: accumulation form, qualitative reactions, diagnostic importance.
12. Stored proteins: their difference from the constitutional proteins, localization in the cell, a
form of accumulation. Aleurone grains’ formation, structure, types, qualitative reactions,
diagnostic significance, usage.
13. Fatty oil: chemical nature and properties, sites and forms of accumulation in the cell,
distinction from the essential oils, qualitative reaction, significance and practical usage.
14. Crystalline inclusion in the cells: chemical nature, formation and localization, a variety of
forms, diagnostic value, qualitative reaction.
15. Cell wall: functions, formation, structure, chemical composition, secondary changes. The
pores of the cell wall (pits): their formation, structure, types, purpose.
16. Characteristics, importance and usage of the cell wall components, qualitative
microreactions.
17. The relationship and interaction of cells in the plant body. Plant tissue: definition,
classification by way of origin, morphology, function, localization in the plant body; diagnostic
features.
18. Forming (creating) tissues, or meristems: function, structural features of their cells,
classification, importance and derivatives.
19. Covering tissue: function and classification.
20. Primary dermal tissue - epidermis: function, structural features.
21. Main (ground) epidermal cells: structure, function, diagnostic features.
22. Stomata: function, structure, activity, location, position relative to the surface. Major
stomatal complexes types, their taxonomic and diagnostic imortance. Link between the structure
and function of stomata with environmental factors.
23. Trichomes: function, origin, diversity, classification, morphological and physiological
characteristics, diagnostic value, practical use.
24. Dermal and absorptive root tissue – epiblema or rhizoderma: structural features of the
formation and functioning.
25. Secondary dermal tissues - periderm and cork: their formation, composition, value, usage.
Structure and function of lenticels, their diagnostic features.
26. Ground tissue - assimilating, storing, water and gas soaking: function of it, structural
features, location in the plant body and its parts..
27. Excretory or secretory structures: function, classification, diagnostic value.
28. Exogenous excretory structures (glandular trichomes, nectarines, osmophores, hidatodes):
localization, classification, structural features and function, taxonomic and diagnostic
significance.
29. Endogenous excretory tissues and structures (idioblasts, receptacles, passages and channels,
lacticifers): formation, location in the plant body, classification, function, taxonomic and
diagnostic significance.
30. Mechanical tissue (collenhyma, sclereids, sclerenhyma fibers): function, structural features,
location in the organs, classification, types, taxonomic and diagnostic significance.
31. Conductive tissue functions and classification.
32. Conductive tissues that provide upward flow of water and minerals - vessels and tracheides
(tracheal elements): formation, structural features, types, taxonomic and diagnostic significance.
33. Conducting tissue, providing a downward flow of organic substances - sieve cells and sieve
tubes with companion cells: formation, structural features and function, taxonomic and
diagnostic importance.
34. Complex tissue - phloem (bast) and xylem (wood): formation, histological composition,
topography in the organs.
35. Vascular bundles: formation, structure, types, patterns of distribution in organs, taxonomic
and diagnostic importance.
36. Morphology as a Botany Department: aims, methods, basic morphological concepts and
general patterns of plant body structure (organ, polarity, symmetry, reduction, metamorphosis,
analogy and homology etc.).
37. Evolution of plant body. Higher plants’ organs. Vegetative organs, their morphology,
anatomy and functional integrity.
38. Root: definition, functions, types of roots, types of root systems. Root specialization and
metamorphosis.
39. Root zones, their structure and function. Primary and secondary anatomy of roots and
taproots: types, structural features, traits are important for the description and diagnosis of the
roots.
40. Shoot: definition, function, distinction with a root; shoot structural parts, its diversity
depending on the internodes length, method of growth, the level and type of branching, position
in space, stem cross section forms etc..
41. Main life forms of plants, their characteristics, examples.
42. Buds: definition, structure, classification in accordance with position, structure, functions.
43. Stem: definition, functions, patterns of anatomy, structural types, differences in the structure
of the herbaceous stems of monocots and dicots, woody stems of angiosperms and
gymnosperms. Signs are relevant for the stem description and diagnosis.
44. Leaf: definition, leaf parts, their structure and functions. Leaves arrangement on the stem,
methods of leaves attachment. Types of leaves and their morphological diversity.
45. Patterns of anatomical structure of leaves, types of leaf blades anatomy. The influence of
external factors on the morphology and anatomy of the leaf. Feaures are used for leaves
description and microscopic diagnosis.
46. Metamorphosis of shoot and its components. Homologous and analogous organs.
47. Above-ground stem metamorphosis - thorns, runners, whips, tendrils etc..: Origin, structure,
function, diagnostic significance.
48. Underground stem metamorphosis - rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corms: structure, morphological
types, significance and usage.
49. Monocots and dicots’ rhizomes anatomy, their diagnostic features.
50. Generative plant organs: definition, origin, function.
51. Inflorescence as a modified flower-bearing shoot: origin, biological significance, parts,
classification and characteristics. Features are used to describe and diagnose of inflorescences.
52. Flower: definition, origin, function, symmetry of the flower.
53. Pedicel, receptacle: definition, function, shape of the receptacle and arrangement the flower
parts on it; hypanthium formation, its involvement in fruit formation.
54. Perianth: its types, characteristic of components. Calyx and corolla: their function,
designation in the flower formula, a variety of types and forms, metamorphosis and reduction,
diagnostic importance.
55. Androecium: definition. The structure of the stamens, function of its parts; their reduction,
structure and function of pollen grains. Androecium types, designation in the formula.
Taxonomic significance of androecium.
56. Gynoecium: definition, carpel and pistil concept; pistils’ structure and function of its parts.
Ovary position. Types of gynoecium, its taxonomic significance.
57. Gender of flower. Mono- and diecious plants.
58. Formula and diagram of flower, their drawing-up and interpretation. Flower morphology
importance in the taxonomy of plants and the diagnosis of medicinal herbs row material.
59. Types and methods of pollination. Double fertilization: the essence of the process of seed and
fruit formation.
60. Fruit: definitions, parts, their origin and structural features. The variety of fruits, their
morphology and genetic classification, types. Fruits adaptation to the distribution. The origin and
structure of aggregate (multiple) fruits. Morphology, diagnostic importance and usagee of fruits
and aggregate fruits.
61. Seeds: definition of seed, seed structural parts. Distinctions in the seeds of gymnosperms,
monocots and dicots. Seeds classification in accordance to presence and localization of nutritive
tissue, their nature, importance and usage.