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War 1812 problem of communication Main problem that led to war –ended before it began Major battle of the war –began after peace declared War Hawks – Henry clay leading voice Madison sends list of grievances against Britain Close vote, but war declared against Britain declared war to defend: – Sovereignty – Western territory – Maritime rights of United States Impressment Attack Canada Burn York – Capital Holding pattern Napoleon defeated British victories Ross attacks at will on coast Bladenburg Races – Aug 24 DC burnt Dolly Madison Balitmore Land and Sea Land attack repulsed – Ross killed Fort McHenry Massive bombardment Francis Scott Key The Hartford Convention New England congressmen had voted against going to war –British continue to trade with New England Federalists called Hartford Convention, 1814 –Federalist New England secession Hartford Convention demands drowned out by end of war and New Orleans victory New Orleans Jefferson New Orleans America “Achilles heel” – 40% American trade Andrew Jackson – Peace declared Dec 24 1814 – Battle new Orleans Jan 8 Independence began July 4th 1776 completed Jan 8th 1815 Conclusion Jefferson’s yeoman farmer dream shattered Republican congress - headed towards a market society and capitalist democracy Immigration From one boat to many Post revolutionary war immigration had slowed to a trickle But as the new century began the immigration rocketed U.S. population and territory, 1790-1840 1790: pop. 3.9 million, in 13 states 1800: pop. 5.3 m. 16 states 1810: 7.2 m. 17 1820: 9.6 m. 23 1830: 12.9 m. 24 1840: 17.1 m. 26 land area (sq. mi.): 1790 0.86; 1840 1.75 The Irish Just one of many groups, but the example we will look at Predominantly protestant small farmers/landowners Coming with some money looking to improve Mid 1820s to mid 1840s A gradual shift to poorer Nonlandowners 1815 – 1840 approx 800,000 immigrants 1845-50 Disaster in Ireland Potato Famine Basic food staple destroyed and many more forced to leave 1845-1855 1.8 million Irish immigrants Poor immigrants Not much choice or opportunity Gathered together in urban areas Low paying manual labor Men Construction work was the usual line of work Long, hard, dangerous Example: in 1818 3000 Irish laborers working on Erie Canal Women Main work was as either House maids in the city or Factory mils workers – particularly textile Example: Lowell Mills in Massachusetts Irish Women in Lowell workforce. 1845 – 8% : 1860 – 50% Irish settlement was primarily in urban areas At the time the census described an urban area as more than 8000 people 1790 America was 3.3% urban 1860 America was 16.1% urban By 1850 Irish were over 50% of population in New York and Boston This high concentration in the cities allowed for a high degree of continuation of home identity Examples Newspapers Food Language Customs The Transportation Revolution After 1815: dramatic improvements in transportation: –Roads –Steamboats –Canals –Railroads Tied communities together Made a market society physically possible Improvements: Canals and Railroads Erie Canal –Hudson River – Lake Erie –Model for canal boom across country Baltimore and Ohio Railroad New York Central 1820 – 40, 3000 miles 1840 – 60, 57,000 miles Robert Fulton’s Clermont plies the Hudson River The Brooklyn ferry, 1839 Erie Canal at Lockport, New York The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad’s DeWitt Clinton began service in 1831 Railroads in the United States, 1840 and 1860 Time and Money Freight costs went down –1815 -60 95% drop Speeds improved Market revolution Foreign trade continued to expand Growing internal domestic market Time required to travel from New York City, 1800 and 1830 The Transformation of Rural Outwork Position of outworkers declines Manufacture began to concentrate in factories Outworkers were reduced to dependence on merchants, who began to control the labor of outworkers The Industrial Revolution 1820-1870: American cities grew faster than ever before or since Seaport cities gain more from commerce with interior than overseas Beginnings of industry and the greatest period of urban growth in U.S. history Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny A general notion rather than a specific policy Journalist John L. O'Sullivan "Annexation," United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17, no.1 (July-August 1845) “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions” Discussing annexation of Texas December 27, 1845 in New York Morning News Americans claim "the whole of Oregon": “And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us.” Three Key Themes 1) The virtue of the American people and their institutions 2) The mission to spread these institutions, thereby redeeming and remaking the world in the image of the U.S. 3) The destiny under God to accomplish this work Indian removal west Removals and relocations of American Indians occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries Developed to massive proportions during the 19th century Indian Renewal Act of 1830 Provided for the exchange of American Indian land in any state or territory of US Indian Removal Act 1830 Instrumental in relocating Southeastern Indians Shifted to lands in the transMississippi west Exceptionally tragic was the removal of the Cherokee Occurred during the late 1830s nunna dual Tsunyi, In Cherokee means literally, “the trail where we cried.” Become known in English as the “Trail of Tears.” Brief History of Cherokee Estimated that there were over 22,000 Cherokee during the 1600s. In the 18th century they suffered from smallpox epidemics Epidemic in 1738-1739 severe, reduced tribe by half Another smallpox epidemic depopulated them in 1760 From the 1760s to the early 1780s the Cherokee were also in almost constant warfare with the colonists on their lands They sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, and by 1782 they were “reduced to the lowest depth of misery” Then in the following year another small pox epidemic devastated the tribe By end 18th century the Cherokee numbered slightly more than 13,000 With natural increase by 1835 about 22,000 What the population is estimated to have been some 200 years earlier Cherokee tribal lands had once been immense comprising much of the southeastern region of the US By 1830s, Cherokee Country, as it was called, encompassed area where the states of NC, TN, GA, and AL, more or less come together Subjected to continued harassment by Georgia and pressures from the US government –particularly President Andrew Jackson to cede remaining lands and move west of the Mississippi Cherokee resisted After three years and much harassment Treaty was signed between the Cherokee and the US government But not by the principal officers of the Cherokee nation Signers ceded to the US the Cherokee lands in the Southeast in exchange for lands in Indian Territory and 15 million Leaders of the Cherokee nation protested violently during the next years that the treaty should not be ratified. Protests were to no avail The Cherokee were disarmed and removal Ordeal did not end on arrival in Indian Territory Many survived the journey only to be stricken with disease in the new lands Or to die there of starvation As many as one-half of the early immigrants died before the year was out Estimated that over 8000 Cherokee may have died as