Download Anticipatory Socialization

Slide 1
SOCIOLOGY
Richard T. Schaefer
4
McGraw-Hill
Socialization
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
4. Socialization
•
•
•
•
•
The Role of Socialization
The Self and Socialization
Socialization and the Life Course
Agents of Socialization
Social Policy and Socialization
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
The Role of Socialization
• Social Environment:The Impact of
Isolation
– Interaction of heredity and environment
shape human development
• The Case of Isabelle
• Primate Studies
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
The Role of Socialization
• The Influence of Heredity
– Studies of Identical Twins
• Intelligence tests show:
Similar scores when twins
are reared apart in roughly
similar social settings
McGraw-Hill
Quite different scores when
twins are reared apart in
dramatically different social
settings
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
– Self: distinct identity that sets us apart
from others
– Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
• We learn who we are by interacting with
others
• Our view of ourselves comes from
contemplation of personal qualities and our
impressions of how others perceive us
• The self is the product of our social
interactions with other people
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
– Mead: Stages of the Self
Play Stage: children develop
skill in communicating
through symbols and role
Game Stage: children of
taking occurs
about 8 or 9 consider several
actual tasksPreparatory
and relationships
Stage: children
simultaneously
imitate people around them.
McGraw-Hill
Continued...
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
– Mead: Stages of the Self
Symbols: gestures, objects,
and language that form basis
of human communication
Role Taking: process of
mentally assuming the
perspective of another
McGraw-Hill
Generalized Others:
attitudes, viewpoints,
and expectations of
society as a whole that
child takes into account
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
– Mead: Stages of the Self
• Self begins as privileged, central position in a
person’s world
• As person matures, the self Significant Others:
changes and begins to
Individuals most
reflect greater concern
important in the
about reactions of others
development of the self
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
The Self and Socialization
• Sociological Approaches to the Self
– Goffman: Presentation of the Self
• Impression Management: individual learns
to slant the presentation of self to create
distinctive appearances and satisfy particular
audiences
Face-work:view
Goffman’s
Needsometimes
to maintain
called
proper
Dramaturgical
image of self to
Approach:
continue
social
people
interaction
resemble performers in action
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
The Self and Socialization
• Psychological Approaches to the Self
– Freud
• Self is a social product, however, natural
impulsive instincts in constant conflict with
societal constraints
• Personality influenced by others (especially
one’s parents
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
The Self and Socialization
• Psychological Approaches to the Self
– Piaget
• Piaget emphasized the stages humans progress
through as the self develops.
• Cognitive theory of development identified 4
stages in development of children’s thought
processes
• Social interaction key to development
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Socialization and the Life Course
• The Life Course
– Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing
and validating changes in a person’s status
• Ceremonies mark
stages of
development in
life course
McGraw-Hill
Life-course Approach:
Looks closely at social factors
that influence people
throughout their lives
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Socialization and the Life Course
• The Life Course
– We encounter some of
the most difficult
socialization
challenges in later
years
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Socialization and the Life Course
Table 4-1. Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Socialization and the Life Course
Table 4-2. Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood
Source: T. Smith 2003
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Socialization and the Life Course
• Anticipatory Socialization and
Resocialization
– Anticipatory Socialization: processes of
socialization in which person “rehearses”
future occupations and social relationships
– Resocialization: process of discarding
former behavior patterns and accepting
new ones as transition in one’s life
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Socialization and the Life Course
• Anticipatory Socialization and
Resocialization
– Total Institution: institution—prison,
military, mental hospital, or convent—that
regulates all aspects of a person’s life
under a single authority
Degradation Ceremony: ritual where individual
becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing
social environment
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Agents of Socialization
• Family
– Role of family in
socializing a child
cannot be
overestimated
– Cultural
Influences
– The Impact of
Race and Gender
McGraw-Hill
Gender Roles: expectation
regarding proper behavior,
attitudes, and activities of
males and females
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Agents of Socialization
• School
– Teach children values
and customs of the larger society
– Traditionally socialized children into
conventional gender roles
• Peer Group
– As children grow older, peer groups
increasingly assume the role of Mead’s
significant others
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Agents of Socialization
Table 4-3. High School Popularity
Source: Suitor et al. 2001:445
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Agents of Socialization
• Mass Media and Technology
– Technology socializes families into
multitasking as the social norm
47% of parents reported at
least one child has a TV in
his/her bedroom
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Agents of Socialization
Figure 4-1. Internet
Usage, Ages 10—17
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation/San Jose Mercury News 2003
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Agents of Socialization
• Workplace
– Learning to behave appropriately within
occupational setting is fundamental aspect of
human socialization
• Socialization in workplace involves four phases:
–
–
–
–
McGraw-Hill
Career choice
Anticipatory socialization
Conditioning
Continuous commitment
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Agents of Socialization
• Religion and State
– Government and
organized religion
impacted life
course by
reinstituting some
rites of passage
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Social Policy and Socialization
• Child Care Around the World
– The Issue
• In 2002, 55% of women who had given birth
the previous year were back in the labor force
• 35% of all preschoolers with employed mothers
attend group child care programs
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Social Policy and Socialization
• Child Care Around the World
– The Setting
• Finding the right kind of day care challenges
parents and pocketbook
• Researchers found high-quality child care
centers do not adversely affect socialization of
children
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Social Policy and Socialization
• Child Care Around the World
– Sociological Insights
• Studies assessing quality of child care outside
of home reflect micro-level of analysis favored
by interactionists
• Functionalists study child care from perspective
of macro-level analysis of the family as a social
institution
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Social Policy and Socialization
• Child Care Around the World
– Sociological Insights
• Conflict perspective notes child care costs are an
especially serious burden for lower-class families
• Feminist perspective raises questions about the
low status and wages of day care workers
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Social Policy and Socialization
• Child Care Around the World
– Policy Initiatives
• Policies regarding child care outside of the
home vary throughout the world
• When policymakers decide that child care is
desirable, they must determine degree to which
taxpayers should subsidize it
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.