Download disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state

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CHAPTER PREVIEW
• Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior
• Anxiety-Related Disorders
• Mood-Related Disorders
• Suicide
• Dissociative Disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Personality Disorders
• Health and Wellness
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Behavior that is…
– deviant (atypical)
– maladaptive (dysfunctional)
– personally distressing (despair)
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THEORETICAL APPROACHES
• Biological Approach: Medical Model
– disorders with biological origins
• Psychological Approach
– experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality
• Sociocultural Approach
– social context
• Biopsychosocial Model
– interaction of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors
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DSM-V CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
• Advantages
– provides a common basis for
communication
– helps clinicians make predictions
– naming the disorder can provide
comfort
• Disadvantages
– stigma (shame, negative reputation)
– medical terminology implies internal
cause
– focus on weaknesses, ignores strengths
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ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
– over-diagnosed
Diagnoses skyrocketed by 2000% from 1988 to 2010.
– traditionally considered a childhood disorder
– 2/3rds persist to adulthood
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ANXIETY-RELATED DISORDERS
uncontrollable fears that are disproportionate and disruptive
• generalized anxiety disorder
• panic disorder
• specific phobia
• social anxiety disorder
Anxiety-related, but not DSM-5
anxiety disorders:
– obsessive-compulsive disorder
– post-traumatic stress disorder
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GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
– inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
• Etiology
– biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA
deficiency, respiration
– psychological and sociocultural
factors
- harsh self-standards, critical
parents, negative thoughts,
trauma
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PANIC DISORDER
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that often occur
without warning
• Etiology
– biological factors: genetic predisposition
– psychological factors: conditioning to
CO2
– sociocultural factors: gender differences
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SPECIFIC PHOBIA
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular
object or situation (e.g., spider phobia)
• Etiology
– psychological factors: learned
– biological factors: genetic disposition
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EXAMPLES OF PHOBIC DISORDERS
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SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social
situations
• Etiology
– biological factors:
• genetic disposition
• neural circuitry
• serotonin
– psychological factors:
• over-protective / rejecting parenting
• social experiences
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or urges to perform
repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
• Etiology
– biological factors:
• genetic predisposition
• neurotransmitters
– psychological factors: avoidance learning
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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a traumatic event,
oppressive situation, natural or unnatural disasters
•
•
•
•
Flashbacks
avoidance of emotional experiences
anxiety, excessive arousal
difficulties with memory
and concentration
• impulsive outbursts
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MOOD-RELATED DISORDERS
disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
• Symptoms may include
– cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms
– interpersonal difficulties
• Types
– major depressive disorder
• Mood-related but not DSM-5 mood disorder:
– bipolar disorder
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
– significant depressive episode that lasts
for at least two weeks
– daily functioning is impaired
– symptoms may include
• fatigue, sense of worthlessness,
reduced interest
• appetite & sleep disturbance
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD)
Etiology
– biological factors:
• genetic disposition
• underactive prefrontal cortex
• regulation of neurotransmitters
– psychological factors:
• learned helplessness
• ruminating on negative,
self-defeating thoughts
• pessimistic attribution
– sociocultural factors
• poverty
• gender differences
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BIPOLAR DISORDER
Bipolar I and Bipolar II
• Characterized by extreme mood swings that include mania
• Frequency and separation of episodes
– usually separated by 6 months to a year
• Etiology
– strong genetic component
– swings in metabolic activity in
cerebral cortex
– levels of neurotransmitters
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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
• Dissociation
– protection from extreme stress or shock
– problems integrating emotional memories
• Types
– dissociative amnesia
– dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Dissociative Amnesia
individuals experience extreme memory loss caused by extensive
psychological stress
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DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
• Diagnosis and Symptoms
– the same individual possesses two or more
distinct personalities
– each personality has unique memories,
behaviors, and relationships
– only one personality is dominant at a time
• Etiology
– extraordinarily severe abuse in early
childhood
– social contagion
– mostly women
– runs in families
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SCHIZOPHRENIA
highly disordered thought
– split from reality (psychotic)
– typically diagnosed in early adulthood
– high suicide risk
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SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Positive Symptoms
– hallucinations and delusions
– thought disorders
– disorders of movement
• Negative Symptoms
– flat affect
• Cognitive Symptoms
– attention difficulties and memory problems
– impaired ability to interpret information and make decisions
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ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• Biological Factors
– genetic predisposition
– structural brain abnormalities
– regulation of neurotransmitters
• Psychological Factors
– vulnerability-stress hypothesis
• Sociocultural Factors
– influence how disorder progresses
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns
Antisocial Personality Disorder
– Diagnosis and Symptoms
• guiltless law-breaking, violence,
deceit
• impulsive, irritable, reckless,
irresponsible
– Etiology
• biological factors (genetic, brain,
and ANS differences)
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Borderline Personality Disorder
– Diagnosis and Symptoms
• instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image
• impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions
– Etiology
• genetic
• childhood abuse
• irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that others
are hostile
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SUICIDE
Prevalence
– over 38,000 in year 2010
– twice as many suicides as homicides in U.S.
– 3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence
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WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE
DO . . .
• take it seriously.
• calmly ask simple questions.
• be a supportive listener.
• emphasize that the unbearable
can be survived.
• stay with the person until help
arrives.
• encourage to get professional
help.
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WHEN SOMEONE IS THREATENING SUICIDE
DO NOT…
• ignore the warning signs.
• refuse to talk about it.
• react with horror or disapproval.
• lecture judgmentally: “You should
be thankful…”
• offer false assurance everything
will be alright.
• abandon the person once the
crisis seems to have passed.
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HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Stereotypes and Stigma
– Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients
– negative attitudes toward mentally ill
– physical health risk
– successfully functioning individuals with mental illness
reluctant to “come out”
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15-30
CHAPTER REVIEW
• Define the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of
abnormal behavior.
• Distinguish amongst the various anxiety and anxiety-related
disorders.
• Compare disorders involving mood and emotion.
• Describe the dissociative disorders.
• Characterize schizophrenia.
• Identify the behavior patterns typical of personality disorders.
• Describe suicide and its risks.
• Explain how psychological disorders affect health, and
describe how individuals with disorders can improve their
quality of life. quality of life.
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McGraw-Hill Education.
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