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VETERINARY – A
Instructor’s Guide
Part I – Disease -- Fundamentals
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Know the three primary routes of entry of disease
Know the difference between a contagious and an infectious disease
Know the difference between a viral and a bacterial disease
Know the disease processes including shock, fever, dehydration, inflammation, edema and
arthritis
Teaching Suggestions
1. “contagious” vs. “infectious” means two entirely different things depending on which
reference you are using (MH vs. KYH). These references are separated out to show the
differences. Reading other materials suggests that the definition given in KYH is more
common. Alert students to this problem so they do not become too confused/frustrated
2. Be sure students understand the two sides of inflammation (good/bad) so they recognize the
need for it to happen in a controlled manner.
Routes of disease entry
1. mouth
Routes of entry
 swallowed
VN 397
2. nostrils skin
 inhaled
3. skin
 wounds
 insects
 directly (e.g., burrowing worm)
4. urinogenital tract
5. conjunctiva of eyelids
1. can provide clues to what the horse is suffering from
Why is this useful
 Example: if the horse has recently had a wound and then becomes ill,
disease that enter via a wound may be considered as culprits first
2. can help determine what measures are taken to prevent spread to non-infected
animals
3. route of entry can be used to classify various disease causing agents (e.g.,
bacteria) VN 400
Contagious vs. infectious
Contagious
MH 345
Description
KYH (74)
 readily spread (KYH 74)
 find easy path from one animal to another
 path on things like hands, clothing, buckets, food
sacks, muck sacks etc.
 viruses tend to be very contagious but not always
highly infectious
MH
 require direct contact between horses or
contaminated people or equipment
 can be passed between horses or between horses
and people
Examples
KYH (74)
 strangles
 contagious equine
metritis (CEM)
 ringworm
MH
 ringworm
 lice
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 1
Infectious
MH 345
Description
KYH (74)
 the organism will inevitably set up infection
when it enters
Examples
KYH (74)
 tetanus
 anthrax
MH
 direct contact is not required as micro-organism
can be carried in other ways
MH
 strangles
 influenza
 EVR
 EVA
Bacterial vs. viral
Virus
KYH 75
Bacteria
KYH 72
Description
1. smaller than bacteria
 easily carried through the air from one animal to
another
2. require living cells to live and reproduce
 they do not survive for long in nature
3. can grow rapidly
4. can mutate into new varieties
5. tend to be very contagious but not always highly
infectious
 “viral” refers to a disease causes by a virus
1. single-cell organisms which reproduce by simple
division
2. can live freely in water, dirt and other environments
 can stay alive outside the horse
 poor sanitation increases risk of bacterial infection
(VN 398)
3. widely distributed in nature
 soil
 skin
 genital tract of female (VN 398)
 digestive tract
4. some are very useful
 those involved in digestion
5. often not a primary cause of disease but are able to set
up infection if come in contact with tissues that are
already damaged
 secondary infection such as pneumonia
6. two types
 aerobic
 anaerobic
7. vary greatly in ability to set up disease
8. many can be reduced/eliminated through use of
antibiotics
 some become resistant to antibiotics especially if
antibiotics used indiscriminately
Examples
Influenza
EVR
EIA
sleeping sickness
EVA
rabies
strangles
CEM
tetanus
botulism
 “bacterial” refers to a disease caused by a bacteria
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 2
Other terminology
Infection
Communicable
Virulence/
pathogenicity
VN 397
aerobic
anaerobic
Disease processes
What is a “disease
process”
USAB 353
Why know what
they are?
USAB 353
What are the six
disease processes?
USAB 354
Shock
Notes
USAB 354
Signs
USAB 354
Causes
USAB 354
Treatment
USAB 354




an invasion of tissues (KYH 72)
a disease which can be passed from one horse to another
does not differentiate between how they are passed
the more “virulent” the organism the greater its ability to set up disease and
cause symptoms



having oxygen
lacking oxygen
e.g., anaerobic environment is one where oxygen is not present
certain processes that frequently occur in response to illness, injury or other
conditions
1. there presence may indicate things about the underlying condition
 disease processes occur for specific reasons
2. some disease processes can cause permanent damage to tissues
recognizing them allows horse owner to treat them or to call the veterinarian
1. shock
2. fever
3. dehydration
4. inflammation
5. edema
6. arthritis
1. the bodies response to trauma
2. acute and progressive failure of the peripheral circulation (blood circulation to
outer body parts such as the legs and head)
 body tried to conserve its resources to deal with serious injury

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
can progress until blood pressure falls dangerously low and death follows
trembling, sweating, cool skin
depression, apathetic attitude
cold extremities (ears and legs), subnormal temperature
rapid, weak pulse; low or falling blood pressure
pale or bluish mucous membranes
weakness, collapse
massive bleeding
sever trauma
burns
major infections
intestinal obstructions
dehyrdration
heart failure
anaphylactic shock (sever allergy reaction)
keep horse quiet
keep horse warm (not so warm as to raise temperature  worsen shock)
control bleeding
avoid dehydration
call veterinarian
 likely provide intravenous replacement of fluids to restore blood volume
and blood pressure
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 3
 should be treated promptly by veterinarian
 no matter what the underlying cause, call the vet before shock progresses to a
dangerous point
 never administer tranquilizers to a horse in shock as this can lower blood
pressure further
Fever
Notes
USAB 354
Causes
USAB 354
Symptoms




1.
2.
1.
USAB 354
Treatment
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
USAB 354
Dehydration
Notes


USAB 355
Causes
1.
USAB 355
2.
Symptoms
3.
4.
5.
1.
USAB 355
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
abnormal rise in body temperature
not caused by exercise, diet or environment
can lead to weakness, dehydration and tissue damage
sometimes very high fevers (7 to 10 degrees above normal) can be life
threatening
byproduct of process by which a horse fights infectious diseases or toxins
result of toxins that accompany an infection or tissue destruction
raised temperature
 one or more degrees above the horse’s normal temperature (from 99.0 to
100.5 degrees Fahrenheit)
chills
shivering
increased pulse rate
sweating
call vet to determine the cause and to treat horse
 antibacterial drugs may be used to control infection
 special drugs to lower fever
body’s water level becomes deficient
sufficient water is essential for vital functions
a) circulation
b) digestion
c) cooling
d) maintaining chemical balance in cells of the body
loses too much water
 heavy sweating
a) obvious
b) continuous that dries rapidly  less noticeable (e.g., travel in hot
weather)
 diarrhea or urinary conditions (KYH 116)
fails to take in enough water
 winter when sources freeze
 horse doesn’t want the water (too cold or unfamiliar)
result of virus or bacterial infections (KYH 116)
conditions of acute pain such as colic (KYH 117)
in shock (after accidents or surgery) (KYH 117)
“tenting” in pinch test
 pinch a fold of skin on horse’s shoulder
 should snap back immediately when released
 if skin fold remains tented or subsides over a second or two horse is
dehydrated
hard dry manure
slow digestion
impaction
colic
lethargy (KYH 117)
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 4
Treatment
USAB 355
Inflammation
Notes
USAB 355
Process
USAB 355
Purpose
USAB 356
Causes
USAB 355
Symptoms
USAB 356
Problems with
excessive
inflammation
USAB 356
Causes of excessive
inflammation
USAB 356
Treating
USAB 356
1.
2.
3.
4.
encourage horse to drink
a little at a time
not a large amount of cold water (especially if horse is hot)
administration of IV fluids if severe
 natural defensive response to injury or infection
 natural inflammation is good
 excessive inflammation should be avoided
1. body responds by increasing circulation at the site
 deliver defense cells (leukocytes and antibodies)
a) destroy, dilute or wall of the irritating agents
 carry away cellular debris
a) the results of dead or damaged cells and foreign material
2. exudates gets into surrounding tissues
 fluid, cells and cellular debris that escapes (exudes) out of capillaries into
surrounding tissues
 contains (depending on location and type of inflammatory reaction)
a) blood
b) serum
c) pus
d) fibrin or mucous
3. eventually leads to healing and repair of the damaged tissues
1. essential part of healing process
 heal the wound
 defeat the infection
 repair damaged tissue
1. injuries
2. wounds
3. burns
4. disease causing organisms (pathogens)
 the toxins they produce
5. poisons
6. venoms
7. antigens
 substances against which the animal possesses antibodies
1. heat
 from increased blood supply to area
2. pain
 from swelling and nerve irritation
3. redness
 not always visible
4. loss of function of inflamed area
 from pain and swelling
1. damage to the body
2. proud flesh
3. excessive scar tissue
4. loss of function
1. irritation from strong antiseptics
2. irritation from flies
3. excessive movement
1. application of cold and immobilizing the part (early treatment for sprains,
strains and bruises) reduce the initial inflammatory response
2. provide antibiotics if natural defences are inadequate to defeat an infection
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 5
 under the consultation of a veterinarian
3. drugs (corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like
phenylbutazone) can reduce inflammation
 use under advice of veterinarian
Edema
Notes
USAB 356
Causes

swelling or the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues
1. lack of exercise
 stocking up
a) edema in the hind legs or all four legs
2. certain illnesses
3. parasite infestation
4. inactivity
5. heart or kidney disorders that interfere with normal circulation of blood and
lymph
6. related to low pressure in the veins
7. related to abnormal protein or salt content in the blood
1. swelling is cool and painless
 if pressed with a finger a “pit” or imprint remains
USAB 356
Symptoms
USAB 356
Treatments
USAB 356
Arthritis
Notes
Symptoms
Types
Traumatic

1.
2.
3.
along midline of abdomen and in the sheath or in legs is “stocked up”
look for and treat underlying cause
turnout paddock  improve exercise
stable bandages


inflammation of a joint
may range from mild to severe
Two types
1. may be acute (a recent sprain)
2. chronic (long term condition)
1. heat and swelling in the joint
2. pain on movement
 There are several types
 caused by trauma to the joint (sprain or blow)
 usually acute
USAB 357
Septic
Treatment
1. cool the injury (cold hosing, cold water bandages or cold gel or ice packs for 20
minutes at a time)
2. apply pressure bandage (to limit movement and swelling
3. rest
 joint is invaded by infectious organisms through a wound or puncture or a
systemic infection
USAB 357
Symptoms
1. extremely painful
2. joint swells badly
Treatment
 requires prompt veterinary treatment
 infection can destroy the joint
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 6
Degenerative


USAB 357



chronic condition
develops from trauma and long-term wear and tear leading to inflammation
over a long period of time
usually in older horses
trauma and abuse of steroids may cause it in young horses
degree of lameness depends on the joints affected and the severity
Process
1. surface of the cartilage lining the joint slowly erodes
2. synovial fluid changes consistency
 joint surface is less smooth and not as well lubricated
3. coral-like calcium depostis may form or small pieces of bone may chip off
4. joint becomes tender and painful
5. loses its range of motion
6. may become fused or immovable
Treatment
1. if mild  horse may improve as warms up
2. anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin and phenylbutazone) may give some relief
3. careful warming up
4. right shoeing
5. therapies such as massage or whirlpool therapy may help
6. usually do best worked lightly but regularly
7. should not be overstressed
Part II –Disease -- Specifics
Purpose
1.
Know the cause, symptoms, treatments and system affected for various diseases including
botulism, strangles, roaring, rhinopneumonitis, CEM, EIA, rabies, Equine Encephalomyletis
and EVA
Teaching Suggestions
1. Students will have reviewed most of these in the past  be sure they know the differences
between them
2. They should know both the full names and the acronyms
3. Any examples of these diseases (people they know etc.) will help them remember.
Botulism USAB 358
Notes
System affected
Cause
Symptoms
Prevention
 causes “shaker foal syndrome)
Nervous
1. toxin produced by Clostridium bacterium
 found in hay (especially large round bales) when animal carcasses are baled
in
1. paralysis of tongue and jaw
2. drooling
3. inability to swallow
4. weakness
5. shuffling gait
6. paralysis
7. death due to respiratory failure
 begin 3-7 days after ingestion
 vaccination
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 7
Treatment

mild cases may survive if treated promptly
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA/Swamp fever) USAB 359
Notes
 transmitted by bloodsucking flies, mosquitos, contaminated needles
 from mare to foal in milk (VN 430)
 name “swamp fever” comes from frequency around swamps/mosquitos
 various forms (see symptoms)
Circulatory/lymphatic
System affected
Cause
 virus carried in blood
Symptoms
Acute form
1. fever
2. edema of legs and midline
3. depression
4. loss of appetite
5. weight loss
6. often fatal
7. jaundice and soft swelling of the abdomen, prepuce (in colts and geldings) and
legs (VN 430)
8. small (pin head size) haemorrhages on lining of tongue and on mucous
membrane of nose (VN 430)
Subacute form
1. similar to acute but less severe
2. death seldom occurs
Chronic form
1. unthrify appearance
2. loack of stamina
3. periodic flare-ups of acute or subacture form
Prevention
Treatments
Inapparent carrier
1. no apparent symptoms
2. horse test positive for EIA antibodies
1. no vaccine available
2. require a negative Coggins test for
 pre-purchase exam
 entry to stables
 shows and rallies
 interstate shipping
3. isolate horses testing positive for EIA from healthy horses
4. attempt to control fly populations (VN 430)
 supportive therapy such as iron treatments or blood transfusions (VN 430)
Equine Encephalomyletis (sleeping sickness, EEE, WEE, VEE) USAB 359
Notes
 transmitted from infected birds to horse or human by mosquito bite
 survivors often have permanent brain damage
 various strains
a) Eastern (EEE)
b) Western (WEE)
c) Venezuelan (VEE)
Brain/nervous system
System affected
Virus carried in blood
Cause
1. high fever (up to 106o F)
Symptoms
2. loss of appetite (VN 431)
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 8
Prevention
Treatments
3. depression (VN 431)
4. drowsiness
5. hypersensitivity to sound and touch (VN 431)
 periods of excitement and restlessness with apparent blindness
6. circling
7. pressing head against walls
8. paralysis
 tongue may hang out (VN 431)
9. death
 vaccination before mosquito season
 isolate infected animals (VN 431)
 supportive measures to keep individual alive until recovery takes place (VN
431)
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA, pinkeye) USAB 360
Notes
 transmitted by inhaling droplets and in breeding
 causes abortions
 stallions may become “shedders” that show no symptoms but pass virus in
semen
Respiratory, reproductive
System affected
Herpes virus
Cause
1. fever (102 to 106oF)
Symptoms
2. nasal discharge
3. increased respiratory rate
4. edema of limbs
1. vaccination
Prevention
2. testing
3. restricting use of affected stallions
4. restricting importation of affected stallions
Rabies USAB 362
Notes
System affected
Cause
Symptoms
Prevention
Treatments

transmitted by bite of rabid animal including skunk, foxes, raccoons, bats,
dogs and cats
 all warm blooded animals including man are susceptible
 incubation period may be up to several months after bite of rabid animal
Brain/nervous system
Rhabidovirus
1. facial paralysis
2. lameness
3. colic
4. faulty vision
5. personality change
6. fatal (always
1. vaccination of horses, pets barn cats
 no cure
Strangles (distemper) USAB 362
Notes
 highly infectious
 transmitted in mucus, contaminated feed/water
 horses are infective for 4 to 6 weeks
 organism can live in environment for a month of longer
 horses are immune after and infection (KYH 76)
 occasionally organism spreads down lymphatic chain producing internal
abscesses in thorax or abdomen  “bastard strangles” (VN 411)
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 9
System affected
Cause
Symptoms
Prevention
Treatments
Roaring USAB 362
Notes
System affected
Cause
Symptoms
Things it can be
confused with
KYH 108
Respiratory, lymphatic
Bacterium (streptococcus equi)
1. lack of appetite
 may be due to sore throat and inability to swallow (KYH 76)
2. fever (103 to 105oF)
3. nasal discharge
 become purulent
4. upper respiratory tract is inflamed
 can restrict breathing  “strangles” (VN 411)
5. lymph nodes affected
 swell
 abcess
 break open
 drain pus (may continue for weeks KYH 76)
1. vaccination
2. take isolation/quarantine precautions with new or suspect horses
 strict hygiene (VN 414)
1. antibiotics given before abcesses form
 especially if bastard strangles suspected (VN 414)
2. good nursing care
 keep warm (KYH 78)
 out of draughts (KYH 78)
 soft food/mashes (KYH 78)
 clean nostrils (VN 414)
 hot pads applied to swellings (VN 414)
3. isolate infected horses





non-contagious
more common in very large horses
seems to be a genetic link (KYH 107)
in early stages the sound is more of a whistle (KYH 108)
a horse may whistle first and then progress to roaring but not the other way
around (KYH 108)
Respiratory
1. damage to laryngeal nerve (usually the left one (KYH 107))
 paralysis of one side of muscles controlling vocal cords
 one cord hangs in airway creating the abnormal sound
2. sudden, violent exertion when unfit (NZ2 238)
3. may occur following bout of strangles or any other respiratory disease(NZ2
238)
1. roaring sound during inspiration
 especially during exercise
2. affects stamina in racing or fast work
 air flow is somewhat restricted (KYH 108)
1. Paralysis of the soft palate
2. Bridle noises
a) when horse is ridden or longed with head in flexed position
b) dropped noseband inhibiting the nostrils
3. Infections of the pharynx, larynx, nasal passages or lungs
4. Infection of glands and related discharges
5. Presenting horse in fat and unfit condition for a test of wind
6. High blowing
 noise as air passes over false nostril
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 10
Prevention
Treatments
7. Noises as horse exhales
 strongly advised not to breed horses that suffer from roaring (KYH 108)
 corrected by surgery
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (EVR) USAB 360
Notes
 transmitted by inhaled droplets, contact with infected horses, contaminated
feed or water
 various forms including respiratory, reproductive and paralytic (KYH 86)
Respiratory, reproductive, rarely nervous
System affected
Herpes viruses: EHV 1, 2 or 3
Cause
1. fever (up to 106oF)
Symptoms
2. cough
3. nasal discharge
4. glands of throat may be swollen but not much as for strangles (KYH 86)
5. purple membranes of nasal passageway (KYH 86)
6. secondary bacterial infection may occur
7. abortion or weak foals that die soon after birth
8. paralysis (in the rare form affecting nervous system)
1. vaccination
Prevention
 vaccinate mares in fifth, seventh and ninth months of pregnancy (VN 426)
1. good nursing care
Treatments
 foals particularly susceptible to draughts and cold (KYH 87)
2. isolate from other horses
3. antibiotics in cases with a secondary bacterial infection
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM, Taylorella equigenitalis) VN 420
Notes
 highly infections disease
 veneral (sexually transmitted)
 “metritis” means uterine infection  only in mares (KYH 81)
 carried on the external genitalia of stallions
 transmitted at mating to mares  most mares are highly susceptible
 some (especially older mares) take long periods to recover and may require
treatment
 some become carriers (have organism but show no symptoms)
 colt foals born to infected mares may be carriers until bred and then can start
an epidemic
Reproductive
System affected
Bacteria Taylorella equigenitalis
Cause
1. genital inflammation
Symptoms
2. vaginal discharge
3. lowered fertility
4. exudates on vulval lips and on hairs of the tail, buttocks and inside of hocks
5. may return to heat unexpectedly
 often with shortened interheat periods
6. usually breed successfully once the infection has been eliminated
7. stallions don’t have clinical signs
8. diagnosis is made on culturing organism from swabs taken from mare’s genital
tract or from males genitals
Prevention
 do not return a stallion to breeding until several swabs over a period of time are
clean
Treatments
1. disease is usually self limiting
2. clears with sexual rest after about three months
3. treat infected mares with antibiotics
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 11
Stallions
1. washing sheath and penis of stallions with disinfectants
2. apply antibiotics cream over a prescribed period
Part III – Supplies and Techniques
Purpose
1. Know how to administer various medications
2. Know the names and uses of various drugs
Teaching Suggestions
1. Important for students to know the difference between an analgesic (pain reliever) and an
anti-inflammatory. Can be confusing because reducing inflammation is a means of relieving
pain.
2. Students should know the drugs that are common for certain procedures such as dental work.
Administering medication
1. Orally (by mouth)
Methods of
a) On the tongue (e.g, wormer)
administering
b) In food (powder or syrup)
(MH – 348; KYH –
c) moisten food a little so it sticks
195; VN - 477)
d) sweeten if necessary
e) tablets can be in apple or crushed
2. Locally (directly to skin, eye, nostrils etc.)
3. Parenterally (injection  by qualified person)
a) subcutaneous (under skin),
b) intramuscular (into muscle) or
c) intravenously (into blood stream)
4. Stomach tube (by vet) (VN – 478)
5. Inhalation: steam vapours (VN – 481)
6. Enema: inserted into rectum (VN – 481)
7. Intravaginal or intrauterine administration: directly into vagina or uterus(VN –
482)
Medication Notes
Notes


USAB 363



Guidelines for
using medications
safely
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
any medication strong enough to do good can also do harm if misused
drugs and prescription medications should be given only on orders from
veterinarian
dangerous to assume that because a drug was successful in one case it can be
given in another
veterinarian may prescribe certain drugs or medications for you to administer
or leave a supply to be used under certain circumstances
always check to find out if the drug you are considering is allowed in the under
the rules governing your particular sport/event
only keep drugs and medications that your vet agrees you should have
only give medications with the advice and approval of your vet
when a drug is prescribed write down complete information on
 how to administer it
 how often
 how long
 symptoms
 side effects
be sure the vet knows of any other drugs or medication the horse has been given
recently including dewormers
have your vet teach you how to administer medications by mouth and
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 12
intramuscular injections
 including precautions
6. store drugs in
 clean place
 temperature recommended by manufacturer
7. check date stamped on box and throw out any that are past their date
8. keep within the law
 possession of needles, syringes and certain drugs is regulated by low
 keep under lock and key if necessary
 dispose of appropriately
Terminology and drug types USAB 364
The following terminology will help clarify the various terms used to describe
Note
drugs and medications. Examples have been provided where appropriate.
1. helps lower fever
anti-pyretic
USAB 366
1. relieve pain by blocking sensation of pain but not other sensations
analgesic
2. pain is not blocked but is relieved/decreased
3. relieved in two main ways
a) action on the central nervous system (e.g., narcotics)
b) reducing inflammation that results in pain (e.g., steroidal and nonsteroidal)
1. powerful pain relievers that act on central nervous system
narcotic
2. can cause serious side effects
 must be used only by veterinarian
 possession is regulated by law
1. pain relievers that control inflammation
steroids
2. serious side effects including
a) suppress immune responses making horse more vulnerable to infections
of all kinds
b) suppression of body’s ability to produce natural coricosteroids
c) depressed calcium and potassium levels
d) weakness
e) loss of muscle mass
f) laminitis
Non-narcotic, non- 1. pain relievers that do not contain steroids or narcotics
2. some may be prescribed by the veterinarian for the horse owner to administer
steroidal
Analgesics
Examples
1. Banamine
2. Dipyrone
3. Torbugesic
1. drugs that reduce inflammation without use of a steroid
Non-steroidal
2. some may be prescribed by the veterinarian for the horse owner to administer
antiinflammatories
 an anti-inflammatory may be used to either reduce pain or to prevent an
(NSAIDS
excessive inflammatory response
NSAIDs USAB 366
Notes
1. do not cure the problem, just make horse more comfortable for horse to move
 helps keep area from “scarring down” and losing range of motion
2. must carefully balance pain control and exercise to prevent
 overstressing
 re-injuring
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 13
Use
1.
2.
Problems
1.
2.
Example
1.
2.
3.
Tranquilizers USAB 364
1.
Notes
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Use
1.
Results/precautions
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Examples
4.
1.
2.
3.
 worsening original injury
treat variety of musculo-skeletal problems
 sprains
 strains
 overuse of muscles
 joint injuries
 arthritis
are anti-pyretics (anti-fever)
 used to reduce fever resulting from bacterial or viral infection
can be abused
 suppress symptoms for hard work or competition without regard to horse’s
long-term soundness
hard on the gastrointestinal tract
 over dosage or prolonged usage can result in ulcers
 ulcers or soreness in mouth can be early sign that ulcers of gastrointestinal
tract may be occurring
Phenylbutazone
Aspirin
Ketoprofen
also known as sedatives
produce a calming effect
work on the brain or central nervous system
work best if administered while horse is calm
allow undisturbed for 5 to 15 minutes until drug takes effect
individual sensitivity to tranquilizers varies’
forbidden substances under some horse show rules and result in severe
penalties
during veterinary treatment
 raise horse’s pain threshold but don’t block pain
 can still feel pain and may react violently to startling or painful stimuls
clipping
shipping
other procedures
may become unsteady on his feet
 fall down more easily than usual
 pay attention while holding a tranquilized horse
 consider dosage carefully when shipping/transporting so horse won’t fall
during loading, travel and unloading
heavily sedated horses may have difficulty swallowing
 choke may result
 do not allow to eat or drink until they have returned to normal alertness
not recommended to tranquilize for training purposes
 they block conditioned responses and learned behaviour
 increase risk of stumbling or falling
 increase risk of stumbling or falling
never ride a tranquilized horse (see other precautions above)
Acepromazine
Xylazine
Dormosedan
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 14
Antibiotics
Notes
Use
Results/precautions
Examples







1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
drugs that kill bacteria
only effective against bacterial infections not viral infections
specific antibiotics are only effective against certain types of bacteria
may have to grow a culture to see which antibiotic would be most useful
only on advice of a veterinarian
follow the recommended schedule
continue giving it as long as it was prescribed (even if condition seems
improved)
bacteria can become resistant
 giving them unnecessarily (e.g., for a viral infection)
 in too small doses
 for too short a period to be effective
some antibiotics have serious side effects
penicillin
streptomycin
sulfonamides
ampicillin
tetracycline
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 15
Specific drugs and medications
Drug
Type
Acepromazine
Tranquilizer
(PromAce,
Promazine
Granules)
USAB 364
Xylazine
(Rompun)
Tranquilizer
USAB 365
Dormosedan
Tranquilizer
USAB 365
Banamine
Non-narcotic,
Action
1. depresses central nervous
system
 sedation
 relaxation
 reduction of involuntary
movements (flinching)
2. does not relieve pain
 will not prevent a horse
from moving or kicking
if startled or fels pain
1. sedative that affects the
brain
2. some pain relief
3. some muscle relaxing
effects
4. slows heartbeat and
respiration  conditions
similar to sleep
1. sedative
2. some analgesic properties
3. sedate horses and control
pain during veterinary
procedures
1. acts directly on inflamed
Administration
1. intramuscularly
2. intravenously
3. granules added to
feed
1. oral paste form
Cautions
1. drop in blood pressure
 do not give to horse
in
a) shock
b) dehydrated
c) septic (severe
infections)
d) in poor condition
(malnutrition)
e) colicky
2. do no use if recently
dewormed with
phenothiazine or
peperazine
3. accidental injection into
an artery (especially
carotid) can produce
signs from excitement
and disorientation to
seizures and death
1. may appear relaxed and
sleepy but can kick or
jump suddenly
1. not intended for long
Use

horse holds head
very low
a) dental
work
b) work on
head or
eyes
c) choke
1. relief of colic pain
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 16
Drug
(Flunixin
Meglumine)
Type
non-steroidal
antiinflammatory
Action
tissues
2. reduces fever
3. reduces pain
USAB 365
Dipyrone
USAB 366
Non-narcotic,
non-steroidal
antiinflammatory
1. analgesic
2. anti-pyretic
Administration
2. granules added to
feed
3. intramuscularly
4. intravenously
1. intravenously
2. intramuscularly
2.
3.
1.
2.
Torbugesic
USAB 366
Phenylbutazone
(bute, probute)
USAB 366
Non-narcotic,
non-steroidal
antiinflammatory
NSAID
Cautions
term use
must not be given for
more than five days
high oral doses over a
prolonged period may
produce gastrointestinal
ulcers
do not give with
phenylbutazone,
chlorpromazine or
barbiturates
overdose can cause
seizures (especially in
old or debilitated horses
or those with heart
disease
1. used to control
fevers (e.g., in
viral illnesses)
2. relieve colic pain

1. non-narcotic analgesic
1. acts directly on inflamed
tissues
2. control pain
3. control fever associated with
bacterial or viral infections
4. not effective against colic
pain
5. sometimes used to treat
navicular
Use
2. muscle bone and
joint diseases
1.
2.
3.
4.
oral gel or paste
tablets
powder
intravenously
1. very irritating to tissues
2. can cause severe tissue
damage if injected
outside a vein or repeated
injections are made into
same vein
3. overdoses can cause
mouth and tongue
lesions, gastrointestinal
ulcers and kidney
damage
4. do not use in conjunction
with blood thinners (e.g.,
warfarin or Coumadin)
effective for relief
of colic pain
1. relief of musculoskeletal disorders
a) strains
b) sprains
c) muscle
overuse
d) tendonitis
e) acute joint
injuries
f) arthritic
conditions
2. pain from
a) injuries
b) infections
c) laminitis
d) other
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 17
Drug
Type
Action
Aspirin
USAB 367
NSAID
1. fever-reducing
2. anti-inflammatory
3. more often used for
reducing fever than for
controlling pain
Ketoprofen
(Ketofen)
NSAID
1. similar to human ibuprofen
2. control inflammation
Administration
1. orally in tablets
or powder
Cautions
1. irritating to stomach
lining
2. should not be used over
long periods of time

USAB 367
Dexamethazone
(azium) and other
corticosteroids
USAB 367
Corticosteroid

1.
2.
3.
4.
orally
muscularly
intravenously
directly into a
joint
Use
painful
conditions
reduces fever
from bacterial
infections but
ineffective against
fever from other
things like heat
stroke
relieve pain in
muscul-skeletal
disorders
including
a) strains
b) sprains
c) muscular
overuse
d) tendonitis
e) joint
injuries
f) arthritis
1. can reduce pain, heat and
swelling and make injury
appear better very
quickly but it is not
healed and is extremely
vulnerable to further
damage
2. suppress immune
response
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 18
Part IV – Parasite Control
Purpose
1. Know the principles of parasite control in the horse/herd
2. Know the names of recent drugs for parasite control and discuss their use and rotation
3. Know the term “fecal count” and how it relates to parasite management
Teaching Suggestions
1. Note: moxidectrin is the active ingredient of Quest (a recent deworming product) It is not
included in any of the current required reading materials (perhaps because it is so recent). I
have included a row in italics at the bottom with the basic information for student
information. Please note it is from Quest labelling not a required reading source.
Notes

Components of a
good control
system

1.
2.
3.
4.
the greater the number the horses in the smaller the area the greater the
exposure to parasites
“anthelminics” is another term for dewormer
regular deworming
rotation of dewormers
testing
measures to prevent infestation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
local conditions
climate
time of year
ages of horses
number of horses
needs of individual horses
USAB 345
Considerations for
a good control
system
USAB 345
 veterinarian’s advice is invaluable
Deworming
Schedule
USAB 345
Choosing a product
USAB 345



1.
2.
3.
4.
Administering
dewormers
5.
6.
7.
1.
USAB 348
2.
usually every 6 to 8 weeks
some products are intended to be fed in small doses every day (e.g., Strongid
C)
dose all horses sharing a pasture at the same time (MH 357)
safe
age
type of horse
a) mature
b) young stock
c) pregnant or lactating mares
d) aged horses
administered in correct dosage
 must know the weight of your horse
effective against present parasites
effective against present stage of life cycle
if horse lives with donkeys it will require a lung worm dewormer (MH 357)
Oral Paste
 most common
 rinse horse’s mouth clean first as he can spit it out if he has a mouthful of
hay
Stomach Tube
 you are sure horse got entire dosage
 some wormers can only be given by stomach tube (too caustic to be given
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 19
orally)
 must be done by a veterinarian
 some horses are difficult to tube
3. Powder or Granules in Feed
 least reliable method
a) horse may refuse to eat dewormer
b) may only eat part of a dose
Rotation of wormers
Notes

USAB 348





a single deworming product will kill most but not all of the targeted internal
parasite
if the same drug is used to target that parasite repeatedly, those parasites that
survive may develop a resistance to it
dewormers should be rotated periodically
dewormers must be rotated based on active ingredient and classification of
drug not just brand
seek the advice of a veterinarian
rotate annually (MH 357)
o changing more frequently can result in resistance problems (MH 357)
Testing for Parasites
Fecal parasite
 a microscopic examination of a fecal sample
count
 shows the number and types of parasites present in the horse
 only show how many mature, egg laying parasites are present
USAB 349
 does not indicate levels of migrating larvae (much more damaging)
1. routine annual count done in late June or early July
Scheduling
 adult parasite population is greatest
USAB 349
 check effectiveness of parasite control program
2. new horses should be tested
 especially if they show signs of infestation
Reducing Exposure to Internal Parasites
Notes
 nearly impossible to completely eliminate exposure to parasites
USAB 349
 can keep the exposure to low levels
1. good hygiene
Basic Principles
USAB 349
2. preventing contamination of pastures and feed by parasite eggs and larvae
3. measures that break parasites’ life cycles
4. reduce parasite numbers
1. fecal tests performed on all new horses
Recommendations
2. deworm new horses 48 hours before being turned out in pastures of paddocks
USAB 349
3. avoid overcrowding and overgrazing pastures
 the more horses/manure per acre the greater the parasite load
4. keep feed, hay and water from contamination withmanure
 avoid feeding on ground  use feeders
5. pick up manure from paddocks at least twice a week
 do not spread manure directly from stables onto pastures
a) composting will kill some eggs and larvae
 large strongyle larvae survive for several weeks
 small strongyle larvae survive up to eight months
 ideally hose manure is not spread onto horse pasture at all
6. if possible, rest or rotate pastures periodically
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 20
Deworming Products
Drug
Brand Name
Dichlorvos
Cutter
Dichlorvos
Horse Wormer
Febentel
Fenbendazole
Rintal
Combotel
Negabot-Plus
Panacure
Telmin,
Telmin B
Ivermectin
Equalvan
Equimectrin
Zimectrin
Piperazine
Piperazine 17% or 34%
Peperazing water wormer
Pipfuge
Pip-Pop 320
Benzelmin
Benzelmin plus
Oxfendazole
Oxibendazole
Anthelcide
Eq
Equipar R
Form
Pellets
Effective Against
Ascarids
Bots
Large and small strongyles
Paste
Liquid
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Ascarids
Pinworms
Roundworms
Large and small strongyles
Tapeworms
Threadworms
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Ascarids
Bots
Onconchera
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Threadworms
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Granules
Paste
Liquid
Paste
Powder
Suspension
Paste
Liquid
In water
On feed
Paste
Powder
Liquid
Paste
Suspension






Comments
not for foals
may cause diarrhea
do not withhold feed
avoid muscle relaxants, general anesthetics and
insecticide for 2 weeks after use
effective against large strongyle larvae when given in
double dose for 5 days
double dose required for tapeworms and roundworms

Effective against all internal parasites including
larvae, except tapeworms

Treated horses may show colic symptoms or muscle
tremors (especially in case of overdose)
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 21
Drug
Brand Name
Form
Pyrantel Pamoate
Imathal
Strongid
Paste
Suspension
On feed
Pyrantel Tartrate
Banminth
Purina Horse and Colt
Wormer
Strongid C
Feed
additive
Suspension
Effective Against
Threadworms
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Tape worms (Strongid T
label)
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Threadworms
Comments
Daily feed
additive
Thiabendazole
Equizole
Equizole A
Trichlorfon
Combot Liquid
Combot Paste
Negabot Paste
Telmin B
Benexelmin Plus
Combotel
Dyrex
Liquid
Paste
Moxidectrin
Quest
Quest gel
Gel
Paste
Information from
Quest label not a
required reading
source
Ascarids
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Ascarids
Bots
Pinworms
Large and small strongyles
Encysted cyathostomes
Ascarids
Pin worms
Hair worms
Large mouth stomach
worms
Bots



May cause diarrhea and mild colic symptoms
Do not withhold feed
Avoid stress, surgery, muscle relaxants and
insecticide use for 2 weeks after use.

Extreme caution should be used when administering
the product to foals, young and miniature horses, as
overdosage may result in serious adverse reactions.
Do not use in horses or ponies intended for food.
For animals 4 months of age or older
Transient depression, ataxia and recumbency may be
seen when very young or debilitated animals are
treated. Reproductive safety studies demonstrate a
wide margin of safety when the product is used in the
treatment of estrual and pregnant mares and breeding
stallions



Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 22
Part V – Systems
Purpose
1.
Know the primary parts, functions and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic,,
nervous and urinary systems
2. Know the functions/purpose of the skin
Teaching Suggestions
1. Note the possible typo in USAB 233 including EVA as a disease of the circulatory/lymphatic
system.
Circulatory System
Function
Blood
Components (3)
Types of blood
USAB 230
Vessels
USAB 230
Arteries
Veins
1. transportation
a) oxygen from lungs to cells
b) carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
c) nutrients and water from digestive tract to all cells
d) waste from cells to kidneys
e) hormones and defense cells throughout the body in blood
2. bathe cells in fluid
3. maintain heat of the body
 closely associated with the lymphatic system
1. Plasma
 fluid part
 contains serum and cells that aid in clotting
2. Red Blood cells
 contain hemoglobin
 carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
 produced in bone marrow
3. White blood cells
 defense cells
 act against harmful germs in case of disease or injury
1. Deoxygenated
 dark red
 depleted of oxygen
 carries carbon dioxide from cells  heart  lungs
2. Oxygenated
 bright red
 corries oxygen from lungs  through heart  body
 tubes that carry blood around the body
 vary in size
 grouped according to the direction they carry blood and their size
 movement into and out of the bloodstream happens through cell membrane
transport systems
 carry blood away from heart
 aorta is largest (carries blood out of heart)
 arteries branch into  arterioles branch into  capillaries
 when an artery is cut the blood spurts as the blood is under pressure from the
heart  lose a lot of blood in a hurry  increased risk of shock (USAB 232)
 carry blood back to heart
 capillaries  group together into venules  group together into larger veins
 flow into vena cava (the larges vein)
 vena cava carries blood back to the heart
 when a vein is cut the blood comes in a continuous flow from the wound
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 23
Capillaries
The Heart
USAB 229
Chambers
USAB 230
Flow
Conditioning
the heart
USAB 232
Diagram of blood
flow





1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.



(USAB 232)
tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins
their walls are only one cell thick
oxygen and nutrients move from blood into cells
waste products move into the bloodstream
movement into and out of
hollow, muscular pump
made of cardiac (heart) muscle
protective cover called pericardium
pumps blood by contracting (squeezing) blood from one chamber to another
and out through arteries
right atrium (upper chamber)
right ventricle (lower chamber)
left atrium (upper chamber)
left ventricle (lower chamber)
deoxygenated blood comes through vena cava from the body
it enters the right atrium
pumped to right ventricle (through a one way valve)
pumped through the pulmonary artery
arrives at lungs
carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen
oxygenated blood comes through pulmonary vein
enters left atrium (through one a one way valve)
pumped to left ventricle
pumped through aorta
goes out to all parts of the body
heart is a muscle and must be kept toned to work efficiently
brought into condition gradually (as in interval training)
fit heart beats more powerfully  more slowly  gets more rest between beats
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 24
Diagram of major
blood vessels
Diseases of the
lymphatic and
circulatory system
1.
2.
3.
4.
equine infectious anemia (EIA)
passive edema of legs (stocking up)
Lymphangitis
Strangles (VN 68)
Lymphatic System USAB 231
1. closely associated with the circulatory system
Notes
 series of small vessels throughout the body but does not have a pump (like
the heart) moving the fluid  movement of the surrounding limbs and
muscles moves the fluid (VN 66)
 main channels of the lymph system discharge into the bloodstream close to
the heart (VN 66)
2. valves ensure the fluid only moves in the desired direction (VN 66)
3. drain off excess fluid from all parts of the body  prevent tissues from
becoming waterlogged (VN 66)
4. play role in defence mechanisms of the body (VN 67)
a) the lymph has some white blood cells (VN 67)
b) the lymph nodes act a filters (VN 67)
c) the lymph nodes play part in antibody production (VN 67)
1. prevent an accumulation of fluid
Function
MH 431
 especially in lower parts of leg where pressure of fluids in the blood vessels
is greatest because of gravity
 surplus fluid absorbed from blood into lymphatics and carried away and
deposited back into bloodstream near the heart
2. help fight infection and to repair injuries
 lymph nodes react to infection by producing lymphocytes and antibodies
 filter off toxic substances and bacteria at the infection site
3. transport and supply the cells with nutrients
 fat content important because the capillaries of circulatory system too small
to allow fat to be transported
4. remove waste
 dead or damaged tissue
Lymph
 clear fluid containing white blood cells
 bathes all cells of the body
Lymph vessels
 thin-walled vessels that transport lymph throughout the body
1. act as filters
Lymph nodes
2. produce lymphocytes and antibodies to cope with infection

bean shaped masses of lymphatic tissue
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 25

may become enlarged while fighting off an infection (MH 431)
Diagram
Respiratory System USAB 233
1. take in oxygen
Function
2. deliver oxygen to the blood
3. removes carbon dioxide from the blood
4. help control body temperatures by breathing in cold air and out warmer air (MH
431)
5. expel excess water as horse breathes (MH 431)
6. enable horse to smell (MH 431)
7. provide means of communication (MH 431)
1. diaphragm contracts and flattens
Breathing
2. ribs expand making chest cavity longer
3. pulls air in through the nostrils and down into the lungs
4. as diaphragm relaxes it expands and the rib cage contract
5. presses against the lungs and expels the air
6. muscles of rib cage, trunk and abdomen also help in this process
Notes
Diseases
1. at the gallop the abdominal muscles work strongly to bring the hind legs
forward under the body at each stride
2. this pushes the abdominal contents (the intestines) forward against the
diaphragm and lungs
3. causes horse to exhale in rhythm with each stride
 respiratory tract naturally contains mucus that is thin and clear (USAB 235)
 various respiratory diseases can change the quantity and quality of the mucus
 nasal discharge  mucus or matter coming from one or both nostrils
a) clear discharge is normal  especially when first begins work on a
chilly morning
b) thick, white or reddish or yellowish discharge points to some kind of
infection
c) from one nostril  usually a sinus infection, a foreign body or a bad
tooth on that side
d) both nostrils  generalized respiratory infection
 cough  forceful expulsion of air to clear the respiratory tract of some foreign
material (including excess mucus)
Influenza
Rhinopneumonitis
Strangles
Heaves
Roaring
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 26
Diagram
Interaction
between
respiratory and
circulatory systems
diagram
Alveoli diagram
Upper Respiratory Tract USAB 233
Nostrils
 horses can only breathe through nostrils (not mouth)
 hairs inside nostrils help to trap dust and foreign matter
Nasal Cavities
 air passages lined with mucus membrane
 separated from the mouth by the hard palate and (farther back) the soft palate
Nasal Turbinates
 very thin curling bones inside the nasal passages
 covered with mucus membrane
a) helps trap dust (MH 431)
 large surface area helps to warm incoming air before it reaches the lungs
Sinuses
 air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull
 connecting to the nasal cavities
 reduce weight of the skull and help to warm air as it passes inward
Pharynx (throat)
 a common passage for food and air
 leads to the larynx
Larynx (voice box)
 box of cartilage (hollow and rigid (KYH 107)
 located between the branches of the lower jaw
 contains vocal cords  produce sound
 controls air as it goes in and out
 prevent food, water and foreign objects from entering the lungs
 controlled by long nerves (KYH 107)
Epiglottis
 flap that covers the glottis (opening into the windpipe) when the horse
swallows
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 27
Trachea(windpipe)


long tube made of rings of cartilage
which runs from the larynx to the lungs
Lower Respiratory Tract USAB 234
Lungs
 two large elastic organs which fill the chest cavity
Bronchi
 windpipe divides into two tubes or “bronchi”
 one branch going to each lung
 inside the they divide into many smaller passageways called bronchioles
Alveoli
 small air sacs only one cell in thickness
 like bunches of grapes at the end of the bronchioles
 carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through the wall of the alveoli into
the many blood vessels of the lungs  “gaseous exchange (MH 431)
Pleura
 protective covering of the lungs
Diaphragm
 large sheet of muscle that runs from the underside of the backbone to the ribs
 it is the primary breathing muscle
 the muscles of the ribs and abdomen help
Urinary System USAB 240
1. filters out materials from the blood
Function
 waste materials
 excess water
2. excretes it as urine
3. return necessary proteins, minerals and electrolytes to the system
4. act as buffer in maintaining proper pH of the blood
Kidneys
 normally two but animal can survive on one
 each kidney contains millions of nephrons (tiny tubules and capillaries) in
which filtration takes place
 blood is circulated through kidneys through the renal veins and renal arteries
which are connected to the aorta and vena cava
Ureters
 tubes that carry waste (in form of urine) from each kidney to the urinary
bladder
Urinary bladder
 muscular sac that stores the urine until it is excreted
Urethra
 tube that takes urine from the urinary bladder to the outside
 in male horse it goes through the penis
 in the female horse the external opening is within the vulva
Notes
 kidneys only filter blood they do not pick up waste from large intestine
 kidneys can really compensate for each other
 kidney disease is very rare in the horse
Diagram
Diseases

in the male horse, a bean of smegma can form in the blind pouch of the sheath
and block the opening of the urethra
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 28

remove it while cleaning the sheath
Nervous System (USAB 242)
1. command and control
Function
a) receives impulses
b) sorts impulses
c) transmits impulses
1. brain
Central Nervous
2. spinal cord
System
Peripheral Nerves
 nerves which run to the muscles and all parts of the body
Autonomic
Nervous System
Nerve cells and
their function
1. Sensory nerves
a) receive stimuli (a stimulus is a change in the environment such as heat,
cold, touch, sound, smell, taste, etc)
b) transmit stimuli to brain
2. Motor nerves
a) transmit instructions to the muscles
1. controls function of internal organs of the body without the need for conscious
awareness (e.g….)
a) heart to beat
b) lungs to breathe
c) digestion to take place
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems operate reflexes and automatic
reactions such as shivering from cold.
1. neuron  basic nerve cell
 body of cell has
a) branches called dendrites
b) long fibers called axons
2. synapse  junction between one nerve and another
 one neuron’s axon touches another’s dendrite
Notes
3. works like a relay system
 information is passed from muscle  neuron  to neuron  neuron –etc.
through chemical reactions
a) some chemicals stimulate muscles to contract
 acetylcholine  chemical that stimulates muscles
b) some chemicals inhibit or stop contraction (or muscle would be in
continuous spasm)
 acetylcholinesterase  prevents continuous action of
acetylcholine
1. many pesticides (certain fly sprays, some dewormers and flea and tick dips used
on dogs) are cholinesterase inhibitors
2. these are cumulative  build up in the system
3. if animals receives too much cholinesterase inhibitor (possibly by exposure to
several different sources) it can block the release of cholinesterase in the
nervous system
 muscle spasms or seizures due to continuous flow of acetylcholine
4. read ingredients and product warning labels
5. follow directions carefully
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 29
Diagram
Diseases
The Skin USAB 249
Notes
Tetanus
Equine encephalomyletis
Rabies
Botulism




Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Layers
7.
8.
1.
2.
the largest organ of the body
condition of skin and hair coat is an indicator of the horse’s general health
healthy skin  supple and pliable and hair shines with normal amount of skin
oil
good grooming, nutrition and general good health are necessary for healthy
skin
absorbs sunlight
 synthesizes vitamin D
excretion
 salts, water and waste products
 through sweat
protects body from
a) trauma
b) excessive radiation
c) entry of microorganisms
aids in thermoregulation
 excess heat is radiated into the air
 outside air temperature and/or moisture in contact with the skin heats or
cools the skin and the body
secretes oil (from glands)
contains sensory nerves
a) detects pressure
b) detects pain
c) detects temperature
hair coat, mane and tail grow from the skin
hooves are composed of specialized form of skin over a bone framework
Epidermis
 thin outer layer
Dermis
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 30
Structures it
contains
Hair coat function
Diseases and
conditions that
affect the skin
 thicker layer containing most skin structures
3. Subcutaneus
 thin layer of fatty material just over muscles
1. Apocrine (sweat glands)
2. Sebaceous glands (secrete sebum (skin oil)
3. Hair follicles including
a) papilla or root
b) hair shaft
c) tiny erector pili muscle
d) can cause hair to stand up
4. Blood vessels and nerves
5. Panniculus muscle
 large, thin sheet of muscle which lies under the skin
 allows horse to twitch skin to remove flies and shiver to create heat
1. protection from
 cold
 dampness
 insects
2. specialized hair features (fetlocks, hair inside ears, whiskers, mane and tail)
have protective roles
3. winter coat is longer and thicker
 contains extra long guard hairs  permit water to run off
 skin produces extra sebum to help to waterproof skin and hair coat
4. hair standing erect (staring coat)
 indicates a horse trying to keep warm (either sick or with chills)
a) increases loft
b) traps air close to skin
c) increases warmth
hypothalamus (part of brain affected by the shortening and lengthening of daylight
and temperature) controls growth and shedding of the winter coat
Warts (papilloma virus)
Sarcoid tumors
Dermatiphilosis (rainrot, rain scald, scratches, grease heel)
Ringworm
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 31
Part VI – Anatomy
Purpose
1.
Know and discuss the location and function of main anatomical features of the skeleton,
arteries and muscles.
Teaching Suggestions
1. Review materials in tables.
2. Students should already be somewhat familiar with much of this content so see how much
they can tell you.
Skeletal System (USAB 223)
1. support
Functions
2. protection of vital organs
3. movement
Bones
Function
Cartilage
USAB 225
Function
Joints
USAB 224
Types
Structure




1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
joints held together by ligaments  permit movement
muscles attached to bone by tendons  move the bones
206 bones
contain protein and mineral (Ca and Ph)
framework of the body
levers for movement
attachment points for muscles
protection for vital organs
protection for spinal cord
production of red blood cells
1.
2.
3.
1.
smooth
firm
flexible
makes up some structures
 ears
 nose
2. covers articular surface of bones in joints
 bones move smoothly
 absorb shock
3. matrix of form in the immature bone
 turns to hard bone as animal matures
a) joints of skull
b) epiphyseal plates (growth plates at end of long bones)
 where bones meet
1. immovable (joints of skull)
2. permit little movement
3. permit wide range of movement
1. ligaments hold joint together
2. joint capsule
 enclose moveable joint
 a ligament containing synovial fluid (joint oil)
 lubricates the joint
3. bursa
 fluid filled capsule
 protects a joint or a prominent bone end (elbow or hock)
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 32
Diagram
Axial Skeleton
USAB 225
Appendicular
Skeleton
USAB 225
Diseases of the
skeletal system
1. Skull
a) mandible (lower jaw bone)
b) teeth
c) hyoid bone
2. Vertebral column
a) cervical vertebrae (7)
b) atlas (the first one)
c) axis (the second one)
d) thoracic vertebrae (18)
e) lumbar vertebrae (6)
f) sacral vertebrae (5)
 fused together in the sacrum
g) coccygeal (tail) vertebrae (18-23)
3. rib cage
a) 18 ribs
 each connected to a thoracic vertebra
b) sternum (breastbone)

the front and hind limbs
1.
2.
3.
4.
osteomalacia
epiphysitis
rickets
arthritis
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 33
Diagram
Muscular System USAB 226
1. made of muscle fibers
Muscles
 arranged in bundles
2. controlled by motor nerves
 stimulate them to contract (fire) by electrochemical reaction
a) muscle shortens
b) pull
 the more muscle fibers involved the stronger the pull
3. usually work in pairs
a) one muscle group flexes (bends)
b) one muscles group extends (straightens)
1. cardiac
Muscle Types
 found in heart
2. smooth
 found in autonomic nervous system (e.g., digestive tract)
3. skeletal
 move bones
 usually acting in pairs
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 34
Tendons
Fascia
USAB 227


strong fibrous connective tissue
connects muscle to bones
1. various shapes
a) wide flat sheets
b) thick bands
c) long cables
2. tendon sheath protects a tendon where it crosses a joint
 contains synovial fluid which lubricates it
1. fibrous connective tissue
 thin
 tough
2. encases muscles and lies in wide sheets
3. some muscles and tendons are attached to fascia
 especially areas like the back
Major Muscle Groups (USAB 227-229)
Muscle
Masseter
Muscles of Head
and Neck
Brachiocephalus
Rhomboid and Splenius
Trapezius
Back and Trunk
Muscles
Longissimus dorsi
Latissimus dorsi
Internal and external
obliques
Abdominals (abdominal
obliques and rectus
abdominus)
Iliopsoas
Location
large muscle of the jowl
Function
used in chewing
long muscle running
from poll to upper arm
at the top of the neck
running to shoulder
blade
at the top of the neck
and behind the withers
deep muscles of the
back
running along back and
down the barrel to the
back of the shoulder
blade
muscles of the ribs
helps to extend and raise
the forearm
well developed when the
horse carries his head and
neck well
carries the saddle
deep muscle from
supports the saddle
aid in breathing
aid in breathing
help to raise the back and
bring hindquarters under
engagement of
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 35
Hindquarter
Muscles
Vastus
Gluteal muscles
Quadriceps group
Hamstring group
Achilles tendon
Foreleg Muscles
Triceps
Extensor muscles of lower
leg
Flexor muscles of the
lower leg
underside of lumbar
spine to femur
(thighbone) and pelvis
muscle from hip to
stifle
large muscles of hip
muscles on the front of
the femur
around the back of the
hindquarters
large tendon above the
hock
large muscle from
elbow to bottom of
shoulder blade
muscles of the forearm
(front)
muscles of the forearm
(back)
hindquarters
flexes hind leg
extend the femur
flex the hind leg and bring
it forward
extend the hind leg and
push the body forward
extends the hock
straightens elbow and
foreleg
extend the lower leg
flex the joints of the lower
leg
Part VII – Pre-purchase Exam
Purpose
1. Know some of the things a veterinarian will consider in an pre-purchase exam
Teaching Suggestions
1. Ask students if they have ever observed a pre-purchase exam.
2. What sort of things do they think it would be important to know in a horse they were
considering purchasing.
Pre-purchase examination (VN 663)
Notes
 the examination is made for a specific purpose in mind
 veterinarian will provide an opinion on the significance of the fault in relation
to the purpose for which the animal is being purchased
 always mention vices to the veterinarian if you have noticed them
 seller in under obligation to disclose any vices that they are aware of
Common conditions rendering a horse unfit for purchase (VN 663)
Potential Conditions
Defects of eye
 abscence of an eye
 collapse of an eye
 corneal opacity
 cataract
 paralysis of the iris
 blindness
 periodic ophthalmia
Defects of wind
 whistling or roaring
 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 coughing
 bleeding (“exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage” or “epitaxisis”)
Defective limb
 lameness
action
 action may be peculiar or objectionable but when due to conformation does not
amount to lameness
 stringhalt
Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 36



Potential Conditions
shivering
thickening or inflammation of tendons (especially the flexor tendons of
forelimbs) considered serious
osteoarthrosis of joints
incoordination of hindlimbs or all four limbs
diseases of heart, respiratory and digestive systems, urinary and genital
organis, skin, feet and eye
dribbling of urine  may indicate calculus or gritty accumulation in the
bladder or congenital malformation
diarrhea must be notes (even if it may disappear later)
devalue a horse but may be of no consequence if horse is not lame
may impair the natural usefulness of the animal

matter of taste or opinion


Existing diseases or
effects of disease or
accident
Blemishes
Vices and bad
habits
Defective
conformation




Veterinary (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 37
TOPIC– B
Homework Key
22 marks total
1. What are three routes of disease entry (3)
1. Mouth
2. nostrils
3. skin
4. urinogenital tract
5. conjunctiva or eyelids
2. Which is more easily carried in the air – virus or bacteria and why.(1)
Virus  it is much smaller than bacteria
3. What are the six disease processes (6)
1. shock
2. fever
3. dehydration
4. inflammation
5. edema
6. arthritis
4. What are five methods of administering drugs (5)
1. Orally (by mouth)
2. Locally (directly to skin, eye, nostrils etc.)
3. Parenterally (injection  by qualified person)
4. Stomach tube (by vet) (VN – 478)
5. Inhalation: steam vapours (VN – 481)
6. Enema: inserted into rectum (VN – 481)
7. Intravaginal or intrauterine administration: directly into vagina or uterus(VN – 482)
5. What is a fecal count including what it does and does not show (3)
 a microscopic examination of a fecal sample
 shows the number and types of parasites present in the horse
 only show how many mature, egg laying parasites are present
 does not indicate levels of migrating larvae (much more damaging)
Describe the following parts of the respiratory system (4)
Nasal Cavities
Nasal Turbinates
Epiglottis
Alveoli









air passages lined with mucus membrane
separated from the mouth by the hard palate and (farther back) the soft palate
very thin curling bones inside the nasal passages
covered with mucus membrane
b) helps trap dust (MH 431)
large surface area helps to warm incoming air before it reaches the lungs
flap that covers the glottis (opening into the windpipe) when the horse swallows
small air sacs only one cell in thickness
like bunches of grapes at the end of the bronchioles
carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged through the wall of the alveoli into the
many blood vessels of the lungs  “gaseous exchange (MH 431)
Veterinary (A) – Homework Key -- 1
TOPIC – B
Student’s Guide
Part I – Disease -- Fundamentals
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Know the three primary routes of entry of disease
Know the difference between a contagious and an infectious disease
Know the difference between a viral and a bacterial disease
Know the disease processes including shock, fever, dehydration, inflammation, edema and
arthritis
Routes of disease entry
Routes of entry
VN 397
Why is this useful
VN 400
Contagious vs. infectious
Description
Contagious
Examples
KYH
KYH
MH
MH
MH 345
KYH 74
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 1
Description
Infectious
Examples
KYH
KYH
MH
MH
MH 345
KYH 74
Bacterial vs. viral
Description
Examples
Virus
KYH 75
Bacteria
KYH 72
VN 398
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 2
Other terminology
Infection
KYH 72
Communicable
Virulence/
pathogenicity
VN 397
aerobic
anaerobic
Disease processes
What is a “disease
process”
USAB 353
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 3
Why know what
they are?
USAB 353
What are the six
disease processes?
USAB 354
Shock
Notes
USAB 354
Signs
USAB 354
Causes
USAB 354
Treatment
USAB 354
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 4
Fever
Notes
USAB 354
Causes
USAB 354
Symptoms
USAB 354
Treatment
USAB 354
Dehydration
Notes
USAB 355
Causes
USAB 355
KYH 116/117
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 5
Symptoms
USAB 355
KYH 117
Treatment
USAB 355
Inflammation
Notes
USAB 355
Process
USAB 355
Purpose
USAB 356
Causes
USAB 355
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 6
Symptoms
USAB 356
Problems with
excessive
inflammation
USAB 356
Causes of excessive
inflammation
USAB 356
Treating
USAB 356
Edema
Notes
USAB 356
Causes
USAB 356
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 7
Symptoms
USAB 356
Treatments
USAB 356
Arthritis
Notes
USAB 357
Two types
Symptoms
USAB 357
Types
Traumatic
Treatment
USAB 357
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 8
Septic
Symptoms
USAB 357
Treatment
Degenerative
Process
USAB 357
Treatment
Part II –Disease -- Specifics
Purpose
1. Know the cause, symptoms, treatments and system affected for various diseases including
botulism, strangles, roaring, rhinopneumonitis, CEM, EIA, rabies, Equine Encephalomyletis and
EVA
Botulism USAB 358
Notes
USAB 358
System affected
USAB 358
Cause
USAB 358
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 9
Symptoms
USAB 358
Prevention
USAB 358
Treatment
USAB 358
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA/Swamp fever)
Notes
USAB 359
VN 430
System affected
Cause
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 10
Symptoms
USAB 359
VN 430
Prevention
USAB 359
VN 430
Treatments
USAB 359
VN 430
Equine Encephalomyletis (sleeping sickness, EEE, WEE, VEE) USAB 359
Notes
USAB 359
System affected
USAB 359
Cause
USAB 359
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 11
Symptoms
USAB 359
VN 431
Prevention
USAB 359
VN 431
Treatments
VN 431
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA, pinkeye)
Notes
USAB 360
System affected
USAB 360
Cause
USAB 360
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 12
Symptoms
USAB 360
Prevention
USAB 360
Rabies USAB 362
Notes
USAB 362
System affected
USAB 362
Cause
USAB 362
Symptoms
USAB 362
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 13
Prevention
USAB 362
Treatments
USAB 362
Strangles (distemper)
Notes
USAB 362
VN 411
KYH 76
System affected
USAB 362
Cause
USAB 362
Symptoms
USAB 362
VN 411
KYH 76
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 14
Prevention
USAB 362
VN 414
Treatments
USAB 362
VN 414
KYH 78
Roaring USAB 362
Notes
USAB 362
KYH 107/8
System affected
USAB 362
Cause
USAB 362
KYH 107
NZ2 238
Symptoms
USAB 362
KYh 108
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 15
Things it can be
confused with
KYH 108
Prevention
KYH 108
Treatments
USAB 362
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (EVR)
Notes
USAB 360
KYH 86
System affected
USAB 362
Cause
USAB 362
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 16
Symptoms
USAB 362
KYH 86
Prevention
USAB 362
VN 426
Treatments
USAB 362
KYH 87
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM, Taylorella equigenitalis) VN 420
Notes
VN 420
KYH 81
System affected
VN 420
Cause
VN 420
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 17
Symptoms
VN 420
Prevention
VN 420
Treatments
VN 420
Stallions
Part III – Supplies and Techniques
Purpose
1. Know how to administer various medications
2. Know the names and uses of various drugs
Administering medication
Methods of
administering (7)
MH 348
KYH 195
VN 477-482
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 18
Medication Notes
Notes
USAB 363
Guidelines for
using medications
safely
Terminology and drug types
Note
USAB 364
anti-pyretic
USAB 366
analgesic
narcotic
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 19
steroids
Non-narcotic, nonsteroidal
Analgesics
Examples
Non-steroidal
antiinflammatories
(NSAIDS
NSAIDs
Notes
USAB 366
Use
USAB 366
Problems
USAB 366
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 20
Example
USAB 366
Tranquilizers USAB 364
Notes
USAB 364
Use
USAB 364
Results/precautions
USAB 364
Examples
USAB 364
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 21
Antibiotics
Notes
USAB 368
Use
USAB 368
Results/precautions
USAB 368
Examples
USAB 368
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 22
Specific drugs and medications
Drug
Type
Acepromazine
(PromAce,
Promazine
Granules)
Action
Administration
Cautions
Use
USAB 364
Xylazine
(Rompun)
USAB 365
Dormosedan
USAB 365
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 23
Drug
Banamine
(Flunixin
Meglumine)
Type
Action
Administration
Cautions
Use
USAB 365
Dipyrone
USAB 366
Torbugesic
USAB 366
Phenylbutazone
(bute, probute)
USAB 366
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 24
Drug
Aspirin
USAB 367
Type
Action
Administration
Cautions
Use
Ketoprofen
(Ketofen)
USAB 367
Dexamethazone
(azium) and other
corticosteroids
USAB 367
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 25
Part IV – Parasite Control
Purpose
1. Know the principles of parasite control in the horse/herd
2. Know the names of recent drugs for parasite control and discuss their use and rotation
3. Know the term “fecal count” and how it relates to parasite management
Notes
Components of a
good control
system
USAB 345
Considerations for
a good control
system
USAB 345
Deworming
Schedule
USAB 345
MH 357
Choosing a product
USAB 345
MH 357
Administering
dewormers (3)
USAB 348
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 26
Rotation of wormers
Notes
USAB 348
MH 357
Testing for Parasites
Fecal parasite
count
USAB 349
Scheduling
USAB 349
Reducing Exposure to Internal Parasites
Notes
USAB 349
Basic Principles
USAB 349
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 27
Recommendations
USAB 349
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 28
Deworming Products
Drug
Brand Name
Dichlorvos
Cutter
Dichlorvos
Horse Wormer
Febentel
Rintal
Combotel
Negabot-Plus
Fenbendazole
Panacure
Form
Effective Against
Comments
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 29
Drug
Telmin,
Telmin B
Brand Name
Ivermectin
Equalvan
Equimectrin
Zimectrin
Piperazine
Piperazine 17% or 34%
Peperazing water wormer
Pipfuge
Pip-Pop 320
Oxfendazole
Benzelmin
Benzelmin plus
Form
Effective Against
Comments
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 30
Drug
Oxibendazole
Brand Name
Anthelcide
Eq
Equipar R
Pyrantel Pamoate
Imathal
Strongid
Pyrantel Tartrate
Banminth
Purina Horse and Colt
Wormer
Strongid C
Thiabendazole
Equizole
Equizole A
Form
Effective Against
Comments
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 31
Drug
Trichlorfon
Brand Name
Combot Liquid
Combot Paste
Negabot Paste
Telmin B
Benexelmin Plus
Combotel
Dyrex
Moxidectrin
Quest
Quest gel
Information from
Quest label not a
required reading
source
Form
Gel
Paste
Effective Against
Large and small strongyles
Encysted cyathostomes
Ascarids
Pin worms
Hair worms
Large mouth stomach
worms
Bots
Comments




Extreme caution should be used when administering
the product to foals, young and miniature horses, as
overdosage may result in serious adverse reactions.
Do not use in horses or ponies intended for food.
For animals 4 months of age or older
Transient depression, ataxia and recumbency may be
seen when very young or debilitated animals are
treated. Reproductive safety studies demonstrate a
wide margin of safety when the product is used in the
treatment of estrual and pregnant mares and breeding
stallions
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 32
Part V – Systems
Purpose
1. Know the primary parts, functions and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic,, nervous
and urinary systems
2. Know the functions/purpose of the skin
Circulatory System
Function (3)
USAB 230
Blood
Components (3)
USAB 230
Types of blood (2)
USAB 230
Vessels
USAB 230
Arteries
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 33
Veins
Capillaries
The Heart
USAB 229
Chambers
USAB 230
Flow
Conditioning
the heart
USAB 232
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 34
Diseases of the
lymphatic and
circulatory system
USAB 230
VN 68
Lymphatic System USAB 231
Notes
USAB 231
VN 66/7
Function (4)
MH 431
Lymph
USAB 230
Lymph vessels
USAB 230
Lymph nodes
USAB 230
MH 43
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 35
Respiratory System USAB 233
Function
USAB 233
MH 341
Breathing
USAB 235
Notes
USAB 235
Diseases
USAB 236
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nostrils
USAB 233
Nasal Cavities
USAB 233
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 36
Nasal Turbinates
USAB 234
MH 431
Sinuses
USAB 234
Pharynx (throat)
USAB 234
Larynx (voice box)
USAB 234
KYH 107
Epiglottis
USAB 234
Trachea(windpipe)
USAB 234
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 37
Lower Respiratory Tract
Lungs
USAB 234
Bronchi
USAB 234
Alveoli
USAB 235
Pleura
USAB 235
Diaphragm
USAB 235
Urinary System USAB 240
Function (4)
USAB 240
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 38
Kidneys
USAB 235
Ureters
USAB 236
Urinary bladder
USAB 236
Urethra
USAB 236
Notes
USAB 236
Nervous System
Function (3)
USAB 242
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 39
Central Nervous
System
USAB 242
Peripheral Nerves
USAB 242
Autonomic
Nervous System
USAB 243
Nerve cells and
their function
USAB 243
Notes
USAB 243
Diseases
USAB 243
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 40
The Skin USAB 249
Notes
USAB 249
Function (8)
USAB 249
Layers (3)
USAB 249
Structures it
contains (5)
USAB 249
Hair coat function
(4)
USAB 250
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 41
Diseases and
conditions that
affect the skin
USAB 250
Part VI – Anatomy
Purpose
1. Know and discuss the location and function of main anatomical features of the skeleton, arteries
and muscles.
Skeletal System
Functions (3)
USAB 223
Bones
USAB 224
Function (6)
Cartilage
USAB 225
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 42
Function (3)
Joints
USAB 224
Types
Structure
Parts of the Axial
Skeleton (3)
USAB 225
Appendicular
Skeleton
USAB 225
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 43
Diseases of the
skeletal system
Muscular System
Muscles
USAB 227
Muscle Types (3)
USAB 226
Tendons
USAB 227
Fascia
USAB 227
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 44
Major Muscle Groups (USAB 227-229)
Muscle
Masseter
Muscles of Head
and Neck
Location
Function
USAB 227
Brachiocephalus
Rhomboid and Splenius
Trapezius
Back and Trunk
Muscles
Longissimus dorsi
USAB 227
Latissimus dorsi
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 45
Muscle
Internal and external
obliques
Location
Function
Abdominals (abdominal
obliques and rectus
abdominus)
Iliopsoas
Hindquarter
Muscles
Vastus
USAB 228
Gluteal muscles
Quadriceps group
Hamstring group
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 46
Muscle
Achilles tendon
Foreleg Muscles
Location
Function
Triceps
USAB 229
Extensor muscles of lower
leg
Flexor muscles of the
lower leg
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 47
Part VII – Pre-purchase Exam
Purpose
1. Know some of the things a veterinarian will consider in an pre-purchase exam
Pre-purchase examination (VN 663)
Notes
VN 663
Common conditions rendering a horse unfit for purchase (VN 663)
Potential Conditions
Defects of eye
Defects of wind
Defective limb
action
Existing diseases or
effects of disease or
accident
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 48
Potential Conditions
Blemishes
Vices and bad
habits
Defective
conformation
Veterinary (A) – Student’s Guide -- 49
TOPIC – B
Homework
1. What are three routes of disease entry (3)
2. Which is more easily carried in the air – virus or bacteria and why.(1)
3. What are the six disease processes (6)
4. What are five methods of administering drugs (5)
5. What is a fecal count including what it does and does not show (3)
6. Describe the following parts of the respiratory system (4)
Nasal cavities
Nasal turbinates
Epiglottis
Alveoli
Name:
Veterinary (A) – Student Homework -- 1