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Biology Presentation Variety of life and Classification Luk Yui See 6B(17) Five Kingdoms of organisms Kingdom Prokaryota Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Prokaryota • Unicellular and colonial • including true bacteria Kingdom Prokaryota • Shape: spherical/rod-shaped /helical • Example: Rod-shaped Kingdom Protoctista • Unicellular protozoans and unicellular & multicellular algae • Mostly aquatic and live in seawater, freshwater ponds, lakes and streams. Kingdom Protoctista • Example: Coralline Alga (Calliarthron tuberculosum) Kingdom Fungi • Have no true roots, stems and leaves and vascular bundles • Hyphae for anchorage and absorption • Lack chlorophyll->saprophytic Kingdom Fungi • Example: Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms (contains chlorophyll) » Mosses » Ferns » Gymnosperms » Angiosperms Mosses • Primitive land plants • Possess tiny rhizoids • Upright, stem-like structure • Do not have vascular tissue Mosses • Example: mosses in gorge Ferns • A group of terrestrial plants • Grow in shady and humid places • Posses stems, leaves and vascular tissue Ferns • Example: Gymnosperms • Naked seeds • No fruit because no ovary • Usually cones on which sporangia and spores develop • No vessels in xylem, only tracheids, no companion cells in phloem Gymnosperms • Example: Angiosperms • Seeds enclosed in ovary • Produce flowers in which sporangia and spores develop • After fertilization, ovary develops into a fruit • Xylem contains vessels; phloem contains companion cells Angiosperms • Example: angiospermmonocot angiosperms Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular animals, without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming diploid blastula Kingdom Animalia • Chordates-posses notochord • a single, dorsal and hollow nerve cord • paired gill slits developed on the sides of the embryonic pharynx. » » » » » Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Kingdom Animalia • • • • • Chnidarians Annelids Molluscs Arthropods Echinoderms Fishes • • • • • • • • Aquatic Stream-lined body, propulsive tail Paired pectoral and pelvic fins Unpaired median fins to maintain stability Gills as respiratory organs Single circulation Prominent lateral line system Exoskeleton of scales Fishes • Example: Amphibians • • • • • • Smooth most skin without scales (act as respiratory surface) No external ear Semi-terrestrial; dependent on fresh water for development External fertilization Urea and ammonia excreted Teeth uniform, only one type of tooth in dentition Amphibians • Example: Reptiles • • • • • • Dry hard scales Lungs as respiratory organs No pinna to ear Uric acid excreted Internal fertilization Completely adapted to life on dry, both in adults and during development Reptiles • Example: Birds • • • • • • • • • • • Body covered by feathers Endothermic Bones are light and strong Lungs as the respiratory organs Fore Pectoral limbs modified to wings No teeth No pinna Bipedal method of walking Internal fertilization Uric acid excreted Acute sense of light, colour vision, extensive visual field Birds • Example: Mammals • Endothermic • Skin covered by hair • Lungs as respiratory organs, diaphragm present to increase efficiency of the respiratory system • Pinna present • Internal fertilizaion Mammals • Example: Chnidarians • Diploblastic metazoa: ectoderm and endoderm separated by mesogloea • Tissue level of organization achieved • The body wall encloses a central digestive cavity called enteron • No respiratory, circulatory or excretory system • body is radial symmetrical • presence of nematoblast Chnidarians • Example: Annelids • • • • • Matamerically segmented Triploblastic coelomate Body covered with thin cuticle Chaetae typically present Closed circulatory system Annelids • Example: Molluscs • triploblastic coelomate • soft body divided into head, foot and visceral mass • shell may be one spiral piece or with 2 valves joined by ligaments, or may be enclosed inside the mantle • blood contains respiratory pigment, circulated through an open circulatory system Molluscs • Example: Arthropods • bilaterally symmetric • metamerically segmented • coelomate ,but body cavity consists of a haemocel, and the coelom is much reduced to cavities of the gonads and the excretory organs • chitinous jointed exoskeleton • open blood system Arthropods • Example: Echinoderms • • • • penta-radial symmetrical star-shaped with calcerous spines on upper surface possession of a water vascular system, a complex tubes surrounding the mouth and passing into the arms and tube feet • anus in the centre of aboral surface • mouth in the middle of oral surface Echinoderms • Example: References • Yahoo search engine (for pictures) • http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trfeb98.htm • http://www.edp.ust.hk/biol/hkal/AL_classification/AL _classification.htm • Advanced-level Biology for Hong Kong-Y.K. Ho