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CHAPTER 4 Socializing the Individual Section 1: Personality Development Section 2: The Social Self Section 3: Agents of Socialization 1 Personality Development Objectives: Identify the four main factors that affect the development of personality. Explain how isolation in childhood affects development. 2 What is Personality? Sociologists define personality as the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual. What are some words to describe your personality? 3 Four Factors That Shape Personality Development Factors that Shape Individual Personality Development 4 Four Factors That Shape Personality Development Heredity – Heredity Factors that Shape Individual Personality Development 5 physical traits, aptitudes, inherited characteristics, biological drives Factors That Shape Personality Development Parents – Heredity Parents 6 Factors that Shape Individual Personality Development parental characteristics, such as age, education, religion, and economic status Factors That Shape Personality Development Birth order – Heredity personalities are shaped by whether one has siblings Parents 7 Birth order Factors that Shape Individual Personality Development Factors That Shape Personality Development Cultural Heredity environment – determines the basic personality types found in a society Parents 8 Birth order Factors that Shape Individual Personality Development cultural environment Recipe for Personality Using the four “ingredients” we’ve discussed, what would you say the recipe is for personality? How much (proportionately) of each would you include in your recipe? What “cooking” instructions would you include? Do recipes differ from person to person? 9 Isolation in Childhood and Development Research shows that a healthy cultural environment is essential for a child’s full development Isolation can lead to severe effects such as causing children to waste away and die or to have stunted development 10 Isolation in Childhood and Development In a few cases, feral children (wild or untamed) were found living with animals or isolated from human contact. These children seemingly had no reasoning ability, no manners, and no ability to control bodily functions. Sociologists feel that this strongly supports the conclusion that our personality comes from our cultural environment. 11 Isolation in Childhood and Development Anna and Isabelle Studied by Kingsley Davis Anna Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather Foster homes, then consigned to attic room Minimal care, undernourished, almost no human contact. At age 6, could not walk, talk, or feed self. Died at age 10. 12 Isolation in Childhood and Development Anna and Isabelle Studied by Kingsley Davis Isabelle Unmarried woman/hostile grandfather Confined to dark room with deaf mother Although she did not have other social interaction, did have contact with mother After intensive training, reached social level of others her age. 13 Isolation in Childhood and Development Genie Basis of documentary Discovered 1970 at 13 years old Confined from 20 months to small bedroom Totally silent environment, beated if she made noise. After 8 years of intensive training, reached level of 3rd grade student, did not progress more. Still alive in adult care facility. 14 Institutionalization Psychologist Rene Spitz In 1945, studied infants in an orphanage. Children were given proper food and medical care. Children were not held, hugged, or spoken to by staff (efficient, but very busy) Confined from 20 to small bedroom 1/3 of the children died within 2 years Of the survivors, fewer than 25% could walk, dress themselves, or feed themselves. Led to conclusion that physical contact and human interaction is important for social and psychological development. 15 Product of our cultural environments? Does the term Dalai Lama best describe a spiritual 16 leader or an eastern religion? If someone gave you some Lapsang souchong, would you spread it on bread or drink it? Is Lhasa a type of dog or a capital city? In which country so you think yak butter is an important part of the people’s diet – India, Russia, or Tibet? The English translation of the word Chomolungma is “Goddess Mother of the World.” What do you think Chomolunga is? Product of our cultural environments? The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Buddhism. Lapsang souchong is a type of tea, therefore, you would drink it. Lhasa is a capital city. Yak butter is an important part of the people’s diet in Tibet. Chomolunga is a mountain, it is the Tibetan name for Mount Everest. 17 Harry Harlow Did research with infant monkeys on how body contact relates to attachment The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother or a wire mother that provided food. 18 Harry Harlow The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth mother. 19 Harlow’s Studies Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency in Monkeys” Video #12a from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology 20 Harlow’s Studies Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency in Monkeys” Video #12b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology 21 Harlow’s Studies Insert “Harlow’s studies on Dependency in Monkeys” Video #12c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. 22 Product of our cultural environments? With your seat partner(s), discuss and come up with a list of seven similar questions about American culture: things an American would know, but that someone from another culture might not. Write your questions on a sheet of paper to turn in with all partner names included. Don’t share your questions with other groups – let’s see how they do on your quiz! 23 Section 2: The Social Self Objectives: Explain how a person’s sense of self emerges. Identify and describe the theories that have been put forth to explain the process of socialization. 24 How I see myself 25 How others see me 26 How Sense of Self Emerges Self is your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society. 27 How Sense of Self Emerges Through interaction with social and cultural environments people are transformed into members of society The interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society is called socialization Many psychologists/sociologists have studied the topic and have developed theories. 28 Theories of Socialization Sigmund Freud – Interaction of id, ego, and superego John Locke – The Tabula Rosa Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass Self George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development Lawrence Kohlberg – Moral Development 29 Sigmund Freud – Id, Ego, and Superego Each person has three parts to their mind/self that must interact properly Id –responsible for satisfaction of physical desires. Develops first in all people. Superego – conscience, encourages conformity to societal norms and values Ego – resolves the conflicts between id and superego If all do not balance, a person would have socialization problems. 30 John Locke – The Tabula Rosa Each person is a blank slate at birth, with no personality. People develop personality as a result of their social experiences. Moreover, infants can be molded into any type of person. This theory emphasizes strictly environmental elements in the development of personality/self. 31 Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking Glass Self Infants have no sense of person or place. Children develop an image of themselves based on how others see them. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image a child projects through their reactions to the child’s behavior. Significant Other someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves. 32 George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking Self develops solely through social experience. People not only come to see themselves as others see them but also take on or pretend to take on the roles of others through imitation, play, and games. Proposes there are two elements of self: “I” self initiates action “me” self continues, interrupts, or changes action depending on how others respond. 33 George Herbert Mead – Role-Taking Stages of development Under three years old: Lack sense of self Imitate others – gestures, actions At about three years old: Play and act roles of others Role playing – doctor, farmer, mother At school age Organized games Anticipation what others might do. 34 Agents of Socialization Objectives: Identify the most important agents of socialization in the United States. Explain why family and education are important social institutions. 35 Agents of Socialization Family – most important agent Provides stability in Language Personality traits Religion class Although other agents may temporarily become central, family remains central throughout the entire life course. 36 Agents of Socialization Peer group – primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age & social characteristics, A place where a child can exert independence from family Very important in adolescence 37 Agents of Socialization School -plays a major role in socialization Provides education and training Cognitive skills Indoctrination of values Knowledge in subject areas Broadens social experiences Exposes children to a variety of social backgrounds 38 Agents of Socialization Mass media Books, films, the Internet, magazines and television, not face-toface 39 Mass Media as a Socialization Agent Mass media include books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. Television probably has the most influence on children. The effect of television on children is an ongoing debate. 40 Importance of Family as an Agent of Socialization Unlike other agents, the family is a constant influence in one’s life. Provides continuous frame of reference Helps internalize culture and parental expectations These help to direct the behavior of the adult child. 41 CHAPTER 5 Chapter Wrap-Up 1. How has the nature-versus-nurture debate evolved? 2. What do social scientists believe are the principal factors that influence personality development? 3. What does research on children reared in isolation indicate about the effects of the cultural environment on social and psychological development? 4. What is the role of self in the socialization process? 5. According to Cooley, how does a person’s sense of self develop in early childhood and when does this process end? 6. Identify the primary agents of socialization in the United States. 42 Socialization through Fairy Tales http://www.literaturepage.com/read/grimms-fairy-tales.html Working in the following groups, read and analyze your assigned fairy tale. Discuss how the tale might help children and contribute to their socialization. Create a storyboard that shows how your story helps to socialize children. Include information about what lessons, values, behaviors, and beliefs are transmitted by the elements of your story. Be creative! You can tell your story in classic style, but you may also rewrite the story, placing it in a new setting, time, or culture. 43