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Human Body Systems Levels of organization Cell Tissue Organ System 4 main types of tissue: – 1) Epithelial Sheets of tightly packed cells, covers the body, lines organs, and protects One side is always bound to a basement membrane Other side faces air or fluid environment – 2) Connective Supports and binds Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, & blood 3) Muscle – Body movement – Muscle filaments are made of actin & myosin (proteins) – The fibers contract when stimulated by a nerve – Most abundant tissue in animals – 3 types: Skeletal – used for movement & is voluntary Smooth – found in organs & is involuntary Cardiac – in heart & is involuntary 4) Nervous – Functional unit is a nerve cell (neuron) – Senses stimuli & transmits signals from one part of the body to another 11 major body systems: – – – – – – – – – – – Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular -Integumentary Reproductive Immune or Lymphatic 1) Digestive System – break down food – You get energy for your body from the food you eat The steps of digestion 1) Mouth – Teeth chew food 2) Esophagus – As you swallow your food it passes down the esophagus 3) Stomach – Breaks down the food and turns it into liquid – The liquid is called chyme 4) Small Intestine – The good stuff we need is absorbed into the body – Blood takes it where it needs to go 5) Large Intestine – Removes the water – The rest is released from your body Takes about 24-33 hours 2) Circulatory System – carries materials – Contains the heart and blood vessels – The heart pumps blood throughout the body – Blood carries food and oxygen to where it is needed The Heart – About the size of your fist – Most powerful organ in the body – The heart beat is automatic Blood Flow Through the Body 1) Right atrium receives blood from the body (low in oxygen/high in carbon dioxide) 2) Blood moves into the right ventricle 3) The RV pumps the blood to the lungs 4) Blood is filled with oxygen in the lungs & carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is removed through exhaling (breathing out) 5) The blood leaves the lungs and heads back to the heart (has lots of oxygen now) 6) Goes to the left atrium 7) Moves to the left ventricle (thick and powerful) 8) LV sends blood out of the aorta to the rest of the body Blood Blood vessels – Arteries – carry blood away from heart – Veins – carry blood to the heart Blood pressure – Force of blood against the walls of blood vessels (usually arteries) 3) Respiratory System (get oxygen) – Uses the lungs – Air brought in when you breathe through the trachea – Inhale & Exhale 4) Excretory System (get rid of wastes) – Get rid of water, heat, salt, and nitrogen – Kidneys – Perspiration – sweating 5) Nervous System (controls activities) – Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord – Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) All other nerves in the body CNS 1) Brain – 3 parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem 2) Spinal Cord – 31 pairs of nerves protected by vertebra 5 senses: – Vision (eyes) – Hearing (ears) – Touch (skin) – Taste (tongue) Sweet, sour, bitter, salty – Smell (nose) 6) Endocrine (controls activities) – Made of glands Hormones are chemical messengers 7) Skeletal System (protects & supports) – Support the body and gives it shape – Allows movement – Protect organs Ribcage (heart & lungs) Vertebrae (spinal cord) Skull (brain) 206 bones in the body – Not the nose or ears 8) Muscular system (allows movement) – Over 600 muscles in the body – Works with the skeletal system to allow movement 3 kinds of muscle tissue – Skeletal – Smooth – Cardiac 9) Integumentary system – Fights diseases – The organ is your skin – The skin is the largest organ of your body – Hair and fingernails/toenails are part 10) Reproductive System – Used by animals to reproduce – Main organs: Males = testes & penis Females = ovaries, uterus, & vagina Male Female 11) Immune/Lymphatic system – Protects the body from diseases – Main structures: White blood cells Lymph nodes