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Oklahoma Master Gardeners Basic Entomology for the Home and Landscape Eric J. Rebek Dept. of Entomology and Plant Pathology MG Questions and Answers • How can I manage insect pests without insecticides? • How do I stop ants from getting in my house? • Do some plants repel mosquitoes? • Why doesn’t this insecticide work? Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Keys to Insect Management Know your landscape Know your adversary Know your tools for control Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Landscape • Preemptive gardening is a good first step in keeping many problems from ever occurring (i.e., preventative maintenance) • Includes selecting proper plant material, site identification, “smart landscaping”, proper fertility, proper watering, and overall good horticultural practices Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Landscape • Some insects are commonly associated with certain plants Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Landscape • Some of these close associations create a nuisance for the home or landscape Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Landscape • Location of plant materials in the landscape can affect potential pest problems Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Adversary Why Study BUG Science? • Proper ID • Associate injury symptoms with pest • Selection of proper control strategy Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners The Arthropods Phylum Arthropoda (ahr thrŏ pod a) • The most abundant, diverse life form on the planet (3/4 of known animal species) • Our chief competitor for food, and a major source of potential health problems and annoyance • Most are NOT a problem for us Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners What Is an Arthropod? All arthropods have: • Skeleton on the outside of the body • Distinct body segmentation • Paired, jointed appendages • Dorsal, tubular heart valves • Double, ventral nerve chord • Open circulatory system Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Classification of Japanese Beetle Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Oklahoma State University Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Popillia japonica Canadian County Master Gardeners Classes of Arthropods • Malacostraca (crayfish, lobsters, sowbugs pillbugs) crustaceans • Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions) • Chilopoda (centipedes) • Diplopoda (millipedes) • Insecta (true bugs, beetles, butterflies, wasps, fleas, grasshoppers, silverfish, etc.) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners The Arachnids Class Arachnida (a-rach’-nid-a) – Two body regions (cephalothorax + abdomen) – No antennae, never winged – 4 pairs of legs Tick Oklahoma State University Mite Harvestman Spider Canadian County Master Gardeners Scorpion The Chilopods Class Chilopoda (chi lo po da) Centipedes – Two main body regions – Laterally flattened – 30 to 340 legs (1 pair per body segment) – 1 pair antennae – Predaceous, can be venomous Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners The Diplopods Class Diplopoda (dip lo po da) Millipedes – – – – 2 body regions Body generally rounded 1 pair of antennae 80-400 legs (2 pair per apparent body segment) – Feed on decaying organic matter – Often coil when disturbed Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners The Insects Class Insecta (in sec ta) • Beetles, wasps, butterflies, cicadas, grasshoppers, roaches • 3 body regions (head + thorax + abdomen) • 3 pairs of legs • 1 pair of antennae • 0, 1 or 2 pair of wings Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Physiology 101 The insect body is made of a substance called chitin; it must be shed for the insect to grow Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth Metamorphosis • Series of changes an insect passes through in its growth and development • Growth and development occur through the process of ecdysis (shedding its exoskeleton) • Each molt allows insect to get bigger, change shape, and mature • May reduce competition between young and adults for food and shelter Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Ametabolous Growth – Increase in size, but no changes in characteristics of the insect Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Ametabolous Growth – – – – Protura (Proturans) Diplura (Diplurans) Thysanura (Silverfish) Collembola (Springtails) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Paurometabolous Development = gradual metamorphosis – Three life stages (egg, nymph, adult) – Change in size, and addition of adult structures, such as reproductive organs, wings. Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Gradual Metamorphosis - Orthoptera (Grasshoppers Roaches, Walkingsticks, Mantids) - Isoptera (Termites) - Dermaptera (Earwigs) - Psocoptera (Booklice) - Zoraptera (Angel insects) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Gradual Metamorphosis - Thysanoptera (Thrips) Mallophaga (Chewing Lice) Anoplura (Lice) Hemiptera (True Bugs) Homoptera (Aphids, Scales, Leafhoppers, Plant Hoppers, Whiteflies) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Hemimetabolous Development = simple (incomplete) metamorphosis – Three life stages (egg, naiad, adult) – Immature stage is aquatic Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Incomplete Metamorphosis - Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) - Odonata (Dragonfly) - Plecoptera (Stonefly) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Holometabolous Development = complete metamorphosis – Four life stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Growth • Complete Metamorphosis - Neuroptera (Lacewings) - Coleoptera (Beetles) Mecoptera (Scorpionfly) Lepidoptera (Butterfly) Diptera (True Fly) Siphonaptera (Flea) Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Orders • Insects can be grouped into orders quite easily with a bit of practice. Key in on the following: – – – – Wing type and number Mouthparts Type of development Other body structures (legs, antennae, etc.) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Mouthparts Chewing Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Mouthparts Chewing-lapping Sponging Honeybee Oklahoma State University House fly Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Mouthparts Piercing-sucking Leafhopper Stable Fly Mosquito Flea Louse Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Mouthparts Siphoning Rasping Butterfly Oklahoma State University Thrips Canadian County Master Gardeners Insect Wings True bug - hemelytra Grasshopper - tegmina Thrips – fringed Beetle - elytra Oklahoma State University Wasp – membranous Canadian County Master Gardeners Antennae Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Legs Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Coleoptera – Beetles (sheath-winged) Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Hardened wing covers (elytra) on adults, antennae are various Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Diptera - Flies, gnats, mosquitoes (two-winged) Complete metamorphosis Mouthparts various 1 pair of membranous wings, and 1 pair of little knobs called halteres (= hindwings) Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Hemiptera - True bugs (half-winged) Gradual metamorphosis Piercing-sucking mouthparts 2 pairs of wings with hemelytra (outer wings) “half” membranous and half leathery Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Hymenoptera - Ants, bees, wasps (membrane-winged or marriage-winged) Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Membranous wings Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Lepidoptera - Butterflies, moths, skippers (scale-winged) Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts (adult), chewing mouthparts (larva) 2 pair wings with colored scales Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Orthoptera - Grasshopper, cricket, praying mantis, walkingstick, cockroach (straight-winged) Gradual metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Outer wings leathery, inner ones membranous Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Neuroptera - Lacewings, antlions, snakeflies, mantispids, dobsonflies, alderflies (nerve-winged) Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts (adults), piercing mouthparts (larva) Membranous wings with many veins Most are predaceous Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Homoptera - Aphids, scales, whiteflies, leafhoppers, cicadas (alike- or uniform-winged) Gradual metamorphosis Piercing-sucking mouthparts 2 pairs of clear wings, some wingless Some reproduce without males Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Major Groups of Insects • Thysanoptera – thrips (fringe-winged) Gradual metamorphosis Rasping-sucking mouthparts 2 pairs of “feathery” wings Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Know Your Adversary Why Study This Stuff? • Proper ID • Associate injury symptoms with pest • Selection of proper control strategy Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Relate Damage to Insect Chewing Damage Internal Oklahoma State University External Canadian County Master Gardeners Relate Damage to Insect Piercing-Sucking Damage Wilting Distorted Growth Oklahoma State University Canadian County Master Gardeners Discoloration Relate Damage to Insect Rasping-Sucking Damage Flower Oklahoma State University Leaf Canadian County Master Gardeners