Download Quarter 1 Review of Transfer of Learning

Quarter 1 Review of Transfer of Learning
Integrated Science
1.) An important piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory is that all
galaxies are moving away from the Earth. We know that this is true
because of the Doppler Effect things moving away from us would have a
longer wavelength (whether it be wavelengths of sound or light), and the
faster something is moving away from us the longer the wavelength will be.
For galaxies, this is shown by a shift in light wavelengths toward the long
(red) side. To illustrate this, we did a project looking at how fast friends
would be moving away from us when leaving a party in a radial manner. In
this illustration, we would represent the earth (Milky way galaxy) and our
friends would represent other galaxies.
For the illustration below, let 1 cm = 10 km.
Path of
Friend 1
Your
Path
Path of
Friend 2
Departure
Point
1 Hour
2 Hours
After 1 hour, how far is Friend 1 from you?
After 2 hours, how far is Friend 1 from you?
Compute the average speed at which friend 1 is moving away from you.
After 1 hour, how far is Friend 2 from you?
After 2 hours, how far is Friend 2 from you?
Compute the average speed at which friend 2 is moving away from you.
2.) In our unit of element formation in stars we reviewed some basic properties
of elements. We mentioned that an element is determined by the number of
protons in its nucleus, called the atomic number. Some atoms of the same
element have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. Two atoms of
the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
The shorthand notation for writing an isotope is by using the following
guide:
mass number
atomic number Element
symbol
For example, an isotope of carbon has 8 neutrons. From the periodic table,
the symbol for carbon is C. Also from the periodic table, we see it has 6
protons. The mass number for this isotope is 6 + 8 = 14. The shorthand
notation for writing this isotope of carbon, then, is 146C .
Some examples:
Write the shorthand notation for an isotope of oxygen having 10 neutrons.
Write the shorthand notation for an isotope of chlorine having 19 neutrons.
In looking at the periodic table, we mentioned that the row number
corresponds to the energy level of the outermost electrons. For elements in
the first two columns and last 6 columns, we can easily determine the
number of electrons in an elements outermost shell. For example, the
element chlorine is in the third energy level and it has 7 electrons in its
outermost shell. Describe the outer energy shell number and the number of
electrons in the outermost shell for these elements:
Aluminum (Al)
Nitrogen (N)
Lithium (Li)
3.) In our present chapter we are looking at how atoms combine to form
compounds. We have looked at ionic and covalent compounds. Ionic
compounds involve elements forming ions with a negative charge (called
anions) or a positive charge (cations) by either gaining or losing electrons.
Illustrate with a drawing how magnesium becomes a cation, and give its
charge.
Illustrate with a drawing how oxygen becomes an anion, and give its
charge.
Illustrate how magnesium and oxygen combine together to form an ionic
compound.
A second type of bond is a covalent bond, formed by atoms sharing
electrons.
Illustrate how two fluorine atoms, F, join together to form a covalent bond.
Atoms form ions in an attempt to have their outermost shell filled with
electrons. In doing this, they will have the same number of electrons as a
noble gas element.
List four ions that will have the same number of electrons as the noble
element neon.
4.) We have just performed a lab to determine the density of a number of
objects and also to calculate the average number of particles (protons and
neutrons) there are per atom in a substance.
For example, say that we measure the mass of a piece of the mineral olivine,
Mg2SiO4, to be 15.6 grams. We find by water displacement that its volume
is 4.7 cm3.
a.) What is its density?
b.) What is the average number of protons and neutrons per atom for
olivine?