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24
The Crisis Deepens:
World War II
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Europe in 1939, Eve of World
War II
Retreat from Democracy:
Dictatorial Regimes
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Totalitarianism
The Birth of Fascism
 Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
• Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919
Support from middle class industrialists and large
landowners
• Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922
• Mussolini’s powers
• Fascist government
• Fascist organizations
• Importance of the family
• Role of women in the Fascist society
•
Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini
in Munich Germany ca June 1940
Hitler and Nazi Germany
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Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Hitler’s Rise Power, 1919-1933
 Munich
• German Workers’ Party
• National Socialist German Workers’ Party, 1921
• Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops
• Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923
• Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• Lebensraum and authoritarian leadership
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By 1932, Nazi party had 800,000 members
Great Depression and unemployment
Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933
Enabling Act, March 23, 1933
President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934
The Nazi State, 1933-1939
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Hitler’s goal
 Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective
fellowship
Internal problems: personal and institutional conflict
Economics
Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel)
Impact on women
Aryan racial state
 Nuremberg racial laws, September 1935
 Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
 Restrictions on Jews
Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union
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First Five Year Plan, 1928
 To create an industrial country
 Emphasized production of capital goods and armaments
Rapid collectivization of agriculture
 Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died
Political control
 Stalin dictatorship established, 1929
 Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested
Women and the family
Rise of Militarism in Japan
 Militant
elements brought about Japanese
militarism
 Disastrous effect of the Depression
 Government could not cope
 Growth of national extremists
 Assassinations
 “Asia is for Asians”
 Failed coup in 1936 by junior officers
The Path to War
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The Path to War in Europe
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Occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936
Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936
Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938
Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15,
1938
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Hitler’s view for civilization
Creation of a new air force and expansion of the army by
conscription to 550,000, 1935
Repudiated of the Versailles Treaty
Munich Conference, September 29, 1938
German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia
Britain and France react to demands for Danzig
Nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union
Invasion of Poland began September 1, 1939
The Path to War in Asia
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Seizure of Manchuria, September 1931
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Chiang Kai-shek granted Japan authority in North China
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League of Nations condemns the move
Japan withdraws from the League of Nations
Protests against the Japanese
Chiang turns his attention to the Japanese
Clash at Marco Polo Bridge, July, 1937
A Monroe Doctrine for Asia
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Japan had not planned war against China
Chiang Kai-shek refused to give in to the Japanese
Japan’s real target was Soviet Siberia
Japan begins to cooperate with Nazi Germany
Warnings from the United States
Japanese concerns over threat to their long-term goals
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
World War II in Europe
World War II: Europe at War
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Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939
 September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union
divide Poland
Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway, April 9, 1940
Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10,
1940
 Evacuation of Dunkirk
 Surrender of France, June 22, 1940
Battle Britain, Fall, 1940
 Retaliation for bombing Berlin
Germany invaded the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941
 Problems in the Balkans
 German experience in the Soviet Union
• Ukraine, Leningrad, Moscow
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
World War II in Asia and the
Pacific
Japan at War
 Attack
on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines,
December 7, 1941
 Germany declared war in the U.S., December
11, 1941
 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
 Japanese hoped the United States would accept
Japanese domination in the Pacific
Turning Point of the War, 19421943
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Agreement to fight until unconditional surrender of the
Axis
German success in early 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union
 Allies invade French North Africa, victory in May 1943
 Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943
Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942
Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942
“Island hopping”
Solomon Islands, November 1942
Explosion of the U.S.S. Shaw during attack on
Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
Last Years of the War
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Invasion of Italy, September 1943
D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944
Soviet March westward
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Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945
Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945
War in the Pacific
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Battle of Kursk, July 5 – 12, 1943
Reoccupied Soviet Territory
Russians enter Berlin, April 1945
Advance was slow
Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland
• Hiroshima, August 6, 1945
• Nagasaki, August 14, 1945
Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18
million civilians dead
The mushroom cloud from the Nagasaki
atomic bombing, August 9, 1945
The New Order in Europe and
Asia
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German racial considerations
 Resettlement plans of the East
 Slave labor
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
Japanese promised independent governments
 Some were, but under Japanese control
Resources exploited by the Japanese
Power of military authorities in occupied territories
Use of subject peoples and prisoners of war
The Holocaust
The word Holocaust came from the
Greek word Holos which means
“wholly” and kaustos which means
“burned.” Another translation of
the word Holocaust is “sacrifice by
fire”. The Holocaust was a mass
killing of Jews, Gypsies, Communists,
Homosexuals, Mentally and
physically disabled people, and
Poles. This also included everyone
that did not fit into Hitler’s the
vision of the “Aryan Race”. Millions
In the beginning the Jews were
placed in the Nazi ghettos. The Nazi
Ghettos were never intended to be
more than temporary; an interim
concentration of Jews pending a
decision concerning what the
“Final Solution of the Jewish
Question” was going to be.
After living in the ghettos, the Jews
and other persecuted people were
transferred to concentration camps.
Here, immediately upon arrival, it
was decided whether any given
person should live or die. The fear
grew tremendously during the
Holocaust. The price of hiding a Jew
was horrible terrible things would
be done to both the Jew and the
“protector”. These concentration
camps were the sites of some of the
most horrible events the world has
ever seen.
These are
only a few
of the
many
children
that were
forced into
concentrati
ons camps
by the Red
Army
during the
Holocaust.
Country
Initial Jewish
Population
Estimated % Killed
POLAND
3,300,000
USSR
Estimated Killed
Number of Survivors
91%
3,000,000
300,000
3,020,000
36%
1,100,000
1,920,000
HUNGARY
800,000
74%
596,000
204,000
GERMANY
566,000
36%
200,000
366,000
FRANCE
350,000
22%
77,320
272,680
ROMANIA
342,000
84%
287,000
55,000
AUSTRIA
185,000
35%
65,000
120,000
LITHUANIA
168,000
85%
143,000
25,000
NETHERLANDS
140,000
71%
100,000
40,000
BOHEMIA/
MORAVIA
118,310
60%
71,150
47,160
LATVIA
95,000
84%
80,000
15,000
Country
Initial Jewish
Population
Estimated % Killed
SLOVAKIA
88,950
YUGOSLAVIA
Estimated Killed
Number of Survivors
80%
71,000
17,950
78,000
81%
63,300
14,700
GREECE
77,380
87%
67,000
10,380
BELGIUM
65,700
45%
28,900
36,800
ITALY
44,500
17%
7,680
36,820
BULGARIA
50,000
0%
DENMARK
7,800
0.80%
60
7,740
ESTONIA
4,500
44%
2,000
2,500
LUXEMBOURG
3,500
55%
1,950
1,550
FINLAND
2,000
0.03%
7
1,993
NORWAY
1,700
45%
762
938
TOTAL
9,508,340
63%
5,962,129
3,546,211
50,000
Gates to
Auschwit
z this gate is
On
written the
words Arbeit
Macht Frei
which in
German means
Work is Liberty.
Many of the
workers at this
concentration
camp had to
look at those
words every
day. Thinking
to themselves
that maybe
they can be
free if they just
work.
Holocaust Myth Web sites and publications
forget to tell their readers some
inescapable facts about the "Holocaust
Myth" - Before World War II there were about 17
million Jews in the world.
- In 1945 there were about 11 million Jews.
Where did all the Jews go?
-The number of dead can be easily verified
in numerous ways and it has been.
- It is really not material if seven million
Jews were murdered or "only" five
million. The fact is that most of Europe's
Jewish population disappeared.
The disseminators of the lie are antiSemites and anti-Zionists, including
Jewish anti-Zionists. (from “Holocaust
Myth Web Sites)
Gas Van
Before the gas
chambers were
used, gas vans
were used to
exterminate
prisoners of the
Nazis. They
were first used
at Chelmno
(Kulmhof)
because
prisoners could
be killed while
they were
transported.
The Star Of
David
All Jews in
Germany were
forced to wear arm
bands or other
badges marked
with the Star of
David, this was so
that Jews could be
picked out from
everyone else
easily. Other
persecuted groups
also had to wear
badges of different
colors to represent
their group.
“I don’t believe that the big men, the
politicians and the capitalists alone are
guilty of the war. Oh, no, the little man is
just as keen, otherwise the people of the
world would have risen in revolt long
ago! There is an urge and rage in people
to destroy, to kill, to murder, and until
all mankind, without exception,
undergoes a great change, wars will be
waged, everything that has been built
up, cultivated and grown, will be
destroyed and disfigured, after which
mankind will have to begin all over
again.”
Torture
As a form of
torture Jews
and other
prisoners were
forced to dig
large holes
which would
become their
own mass
grave. After
they were
finished
digging the
Nazis would
shoot them
A Mass Grave
This is a
picture of a
mass grave.
The bodies in
the hole are
those of Jewish
people as well
as other
prisoners of the
Nazis.
“I swore never to be silent
whenever and wherever human
beings endure suffering and
humiliation. We must always
take sides. Neutrality helps the
oppressor, never the victim.
Silence encourages the
tormentor, never the
tormented.”
-Elie Wiesel
Children of
the Holocaust
Children were
not ignored by
the Holocaust.
By the Star of
David these
two boys are
Jewish, but a
month after
this picture
was taken
these two
brothers were
deported to
Majdanek
camp in
"The Angel of
Death"
Dr. Mengele
who was
known as “The
Angel of
Death” was a
doctor at
Auschwitz. He
was known for
preformming
unethical
experiments
on prisoners,
especially
children and
twins.
Dr. Mengele's
Experiments
These were
only some of
the children
Dr. Mengele
experimented
on while he
was a doctor
at Auschwitz.
“The more we do to
you, the less you
seem to believe we
are doing it”
-Dr. Mengele
More of Dr.
Mengele's
Experiments
These are
some more
children that
were victims of
Dr. Mengele’s
experiments.
He also did
awful
experiments
on twins.
The Home Front
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Mobilization of the People
 Soviet Union:
• Soviets dismantled factories and shipped them to the interior
• Soviet women in the factories and as combatants
 The United States
• Mobilization of the U.S. economy
• Internment of Japanese-Americans
 Germany:
• German failure to cut production of consumer goods until 1944
• German reluctance to use women as laborers until later in war
 Japan:
• Japan fully mobilized society for war
• Wage and price controls
• Did not use women for labor
The Bombing of Cities
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Bombing of civilians as means to coerce governments
 Lufwaffe raids on Britain
 Raids on German cities
• Failed to break civilian morale
• Failed to destroy Germany’s industrial capacity
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Japanese cities bombed
 Japan’s industries destroyed by the summer of 1945
 People’s Volunteer Corps
 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August, 1945
Territorial Changes in Europe After
World War II
Aftermath: The Cold War
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Conferences at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam
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Declaration on Liberated Europe
Conference at Yalta, February, 1945
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Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944
Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany
Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan
Creation of a United Nations
German unconditional surrender
Free elections in Eastern Europe
Conference at Potsdam, July, 1945
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Truman replaces Roosevelt
Stalin refuses to allow free elections in Eastern Europe
The “Iron Curtain”