Download Ch 7 Ethnicity 2013

Chapter 7: Ethnicity
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
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Race –a categorization of humans based on skin color
and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are
social and political constructions because they are
based on ideas that some biological differences are
more important than others.
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The Human Race
• Technically race is not a
correct term-since we are all
the same race or specieshuman.
• Example-all dogs are the
same species-yet great
variation in size, color,
shape, etc.-FAR LESS
VARIETY IN HUMANS.
• Human subspecies exhibit a
difference in gene frequencye.g. northern Europe-blueeyed dominant, southern
Europe brown-eyed is
dominant
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Racial & Ethnic Minorities
• Oldest human records show that the concept of “minorities”
existed
– A common issue was how to treat them and how to handle issues
that effected those groups
Dominant Groups
• In society, the group of people that has power is the
dominant group.
– Rulers
– Lawgivers
– Religious, military, & educational leaders
• A group overpowered by the dominant group or that comes
in after power is established is a minority
• The dominant group establishes the values & norms of
society
– It creates a social structure that works in the group’s favor
– Minorities have to live within those rules & are often treated differently
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Minority Groups
• Common misconception – minority groups are
numerically smaller than the majority
• minority group – any recognizable group in a society
that suffers some discrimination by the dominant group
– depending on the society, different factors can determine
minority status
Racial Groups
• The concept of race is based on observable physical
differences from inherited biological traits
• Commonly based on skin color & ancestral origin
• Centuries of racial mixing, resulted in an intermingling of
races
• Sociologists aren’t related in the biology of race, they are
interested in it based on how it relates to social culture
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Ethnicity
• Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos,
meaning “national”
– Ethnicities share a cultural identity with
people from the same homeland
– Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits
• Race = people who share a biological
ancestor
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Ethnic Groups
• Racial groups based on physical characteristics,
ethnic groups based on cultural factors
– National origin, religion, language, norms & values
• Broad ethnic categories exist
– “Asian Americans” covers many different national
groups
– Jews – racially & nationally diverse but are bound
together by common religion, customs & values
• In the US, nationality groups tend to settle in the
same neighborhood
• Depending on the strength of a group’s ethnic
identity, members may be pressured to make friends
or have relationships only/primarily within their group
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• Distribution of ethnicities in the United
States
– Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the
U.S. population
– African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S.
population
– Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S.
population
– American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S.
population
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Distribution of Hispanics
in the United States
Figure 7-1
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Distribution of African Americans
in the United States
Figure 7-2
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Distribution of Asian Americans
in the United States
Figure 7-3
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Distribution of American Indians
in the United States
Figure 7-4
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• Concentration of ethnicities in U.S.
cities
– 90 percent of African Americans and
Hispanics live in cities
– Remnants of twentieth-century European
migration = still evident on the landscape
• Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy,
Greektown
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Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago
and Los Angeles
Figure 7-5
Figure 7-6
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• African American migration patterns
– Three major migration patterns
• Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth
century)
– The triangular slave trade
• Immigration from the South to northern cities
(first half of the twentieth century)
– Identifiable paths of migration
• Immigration out of inner cities to other urban
areas (second half of the twentieth century to
present)
– The ghetto
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Triangular Slave Pattern
Figure 7-8
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African American Migration in the United
States (Twentieth Century)
Figure 7-10
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Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
• Differentiating ethnicity and race
– Often confusing
– Race = traits that are shared genetically
• Biological features within one racial group are
highly variable
– Biological classification of people into distinct racial
groups is meaningless
• Spatial effects of racism
– “Separate but equal”
– “White flight”
» Blockbusting
– Apartheid in South Africa
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Apartheid
Figure 7-13
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Why Have Ethnicities Been
Transformed into Nationalities?
• Rise of nationalities
– Nationality = identity with a group of people
who share a common allegiance to a
particular country
– Nation-state
– Examples
• Denmark
• Nation-states in Europe
– Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a
nationality
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Nation-states in Europe
Figure 7-15
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Why Have Ethnicities Been
Transformed into Nationalities?
• Multinational states
– Multiethnic state
• A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom
might contribute to a larger national identity
– Example: the United States
– Multinational state
• A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain
their own distinctive national identity
– Example: the United Kingdom
– Example: Russia (the largest multinational state)
• Revival of ethnic identity
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Ethnicities in Russia
Figure 7-18
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Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
• Ethnic competition to dominate
nationality
– Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa
• Ethiopia and Eritrea
• Sudan
• Somalia
– Ethnic competition in Lebanon
• Religious and ethnic differences
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Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa
Figure 7-21
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Ethnicities in Lebanon
Figure 7-23
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Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
• Dividing ethnicities among more than
one state
– Dividing ethnicities in South Asia
• India and Pakistan
– Kashmir
• Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka
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Ethnic Division in South Asia
Figure 7-24
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What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
• Ethnic cleansing = process in which a
more powerful ethnic group forcibly
removes a less powerful group from
their territory
– The purpose is not to subjugate, but to
remove
– Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in
Europe and Africa
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What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
• Ethnic cleansing in Europe
– Largest forced migration = 1939–1945
• Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by
Nazis
– The former Yugoslavia
• Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia
• The breakup of Yugoslavia
– Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
– Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo
– Balkanization
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The Balkans in 1914
Figure 7-29
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What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
• Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
– Most boundaries in Africa do not
correspond to ethnic groups
– Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi
destabilizes the region
• Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda
• Refugees spill into neighboring countries
• Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil
war
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Ethnicities in Africa
Figure 7-33
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Gender
Gender – “a
culture’s
assumptions
about the
differences
between men and
women: their
‘characters,’ the
roles they play in
society, what they
represent.”
- Domosh and
Seager
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• Gender is a social as well
as biological difference.
• Modernization has reduced
the inequalities but has NOT
eliminated them.
• Even in Europe & the US
equality has NOT been
achieved.
• UK, India, Israel, Pakistan &
the Philippines have had
female leaders=the US has
not
• Wages & barriers to
economic & social
advancement are found in
the political and corporate
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Gender Inequality
• Women make 80 c. to the Male dollar-even
accounting for time off to raise kids.
• Over her career, the average U.S. woman loses
$1.2 m. to wage inequity.
• Every industrialized nation except US & Australia
have paid parental leave with a guaranteed job
upon return
• Women over 65 are twice as likely to be poor as
men.
• Women chose jobs closer to home
• Occupational segregation-women have less
chance to advance-take lower paying jobs in more
restricted locations
• Male dominance is© a
world-wide phenomenon
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Female–Male Income Differences
Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is
especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.
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Demography & Health
• On average women live
4 yrs. longer than men
• Core countries-5 to 7
yrs. Longer
• World Bank=Africa +3
yrs, South America &
Europe, US + 6 yrs.
• Women less likely to:
–
–
–
–
–
Smoke
Drink
Eat too much
Drive too fast
Have very high stress
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Quality of Life-Maternal Mortality Rates
• Western World rate is
5/100,000
• South Asia has highest
maternity mortality
rates=650/100,000
• Reasons:
– Inadequate medical care
– Excessive number of
pregnancies
– Malnutrition
– Lack of adequate birth
control
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Female Infanticide-India
• India-gender detection
tests often result in
aborted females-the ratio
of men to women in
India is widening.
• Although outlaweddowry still exists in Indiafamilies with sons
receive payments from
the bride’s parents
• Dowry deaths are
common
• Laws against female
infanticide & dowry
deaths exist-but are© 2011
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Women in India
• Hindu culture attaches
great importance to the
male dominated family.
• Hinduism teaches a
reverence for all life-yet
girls are still forced into
arranged marriagesdisputes over dowries
“Bride Price” often
results in the death of
the young bride.
• Many dowry deaths are
reported as “kitchen
accidents” and never
investigated.
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Dowry Deaths in India
- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that
lead to dowry deaths-female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of women
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China
• China’s traditional attitude
toward women-a burden
• Female infanticide was a
common rural practice-but
after the One Child Policyit rose in urban areas as
well.
• Abortions in China are
legal after gender
identification tests
• Millions of female infants
die of food depravation,
denial of medical care,
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abandonment or murder