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Imaging Mercury surface The SIMBIO-SYS Experiment for the BepiColombo Mission Enrico Flamini – Roma 27-2-07 IAS orsa y SIMBIO-SYS • SIMBIO-SYS is an integrated package for the imaging and spectroscopic investigation of the Hermean surface selected by ESA as part of the European mission to Mercury BepiColombo . SCIENCE: Geology and Geomorphology – Geomorphological characterization of the highly cratered units (3D) – Origin, limit and areal extension of intracrater, hummocky and smooth plains; – Stratigraphic relationships between highlands and plains (3D) – Presence of layered units (HR) – Characterization of polar deposits; – Identification of aeolian deposits; – Impact crater morphologies and degradation level (3D) – Ejecta distribution and modification 100 km 15 km Upper crust evolution and surface processes SCIENCE: Volcanism Styles and Deposits – Origin of the smooth plain materials (volcanic or lobate crater ejecta?); (3D + HR + IR) – Identification of volcanic edifices; (3D) – Identification of volcanic deposits (i.e. lava flow vs. ejecta blanket); (3D + HR + IR) – Definition of the type of volcanism (i.e. fissural, explosive) Interior dynamics and crustal differentiation processes Discovery Scarp Tectonics Evolution – Morphological characterization of mercurian large lobate scarps; (3D) – Identification and classification of smaller tectonic features; (3D) – Observation of cross-cutting relationships to infer the relative age of tectonic events; (HR) – Mapping the distribution of tectonic features Crustal dynamics 40 km Surface Age – Observation of impact craters with diameter > 0.5 km; – Mapping the different crater distribution; – Comparison between age and the main geological units of highlands and plains – This would led to the definition of the impact flux in the inner Solar System Temporal occurrence of geologic processes 30 km Surface Composition and Weathering – – – – – – Characterization of the bulk surface composition; Measure the FeO and TiO2 abundances; Identification of recent volcanic deposits Different composition of hermean plains respect to highlands Identification of weathering products Effect of surface weathering as function of the surface exposure (age) Interior differentiation, alteration processes Characterisation of Polar deposits – Characterization of the polar deposits composition; – Search for similar deposits in permanently shadowed areas of large impact crater. Radar bright spots Water in coldest sites SIMBIO-SYS Science Summary - Surface geology: stratigraphy, geomorphology – Volcanism: lava plain emplacement, volcanoes identification - Global tectonics: structural geology, mechanical properties of lithosphere - Surface age: crater population and morphometry, degradation processes - Surface composition: maturity and crustal differentiation, weathering, rock forming minerals abundance determination - Geophysics: libration measurements, internal planet dynamics SIMBIO-SYS Configuration HRIC STC VIHI SYMBIO-SYS, realised for the Italian Space Agency by Galileo Avionica with the partnership of France and Suisse, incorporates capabilities to perform: • medium space resolution global mapping in stereo and colour imaging using two pan-chromatic and 3 broad-band filters Stereo Channel STC; • high spatial resolution imaging in a pan-chromatic and 3 broad-band filters High Resolution Imaging Channel HRIC; • imaging spectroscopy in the spectral range 400 2000 nm Visible Infrared Hyperspectral Imager VIHI. High spatial Resolution Imaging Channel (HRIC) Main Objectives • to provide images at ground pixel size of 5 m /pxl @ 400 km* • to provide high spatial coverage if about 20% Mercury surface • to provide high spatial resolution images in up to 4 different bands Type of Optics Catadioptric: Ritchey-Chretien with corrector Type of Camera Matrix Scanner FOV 1.47 degrees IFOV 12.5 rad Spectral range 400 – 900 nm Spectral Channels Panchromatic(650) + 550, 700, 880 nm Sensor type APS 2048x2048 *The proposed thermal design of interfaces with the S/C could lead to the reduction of the optics aperture and to a resolution of 10 m @ 400 km. Saptial resolution: HRIC 20.0 18.0 16.0 ground resolution (m) 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 latitude (deg) 30 50 70 90 Ground track and Coverage: HRIC Peri-Herm Ground track and coverage 100 80 60 latitude (deg) 40 20 0 -3 -3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 1 1 2 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 Longitude (deg) HRIC FOV tracks for two consecutive (red and blue) orbits of the spacecraft. Peri-herm side (adjacent tracks do not overlap at equator). 2 Ground track and Coverage: HRIC Apo-Herm Ground track and coverage 100 80 60 latitude (deg) 40 20 0 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181 182 182 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 Longitude (deg) HRIC FOV tracks for two consecutive (red and blue) orbits of the spacecraft. Apo-herm side (adjacent tracks overlap). Stereo Channel (STC) Main Objectives 1. Global mapping in stereo mode at spatial resolution of < 110 m 2. Global mapping in three colours at spatial resolution of < 110 m Type of Optics Petzval Design Type of Camera Matrix Scanner FOV 4º (32mrad) IFOV 23arcsec (111 rad) Spectral range 500 – 900 nm Spectral Channels 2xPanchromatic(650) + 550, 700, 880 nm Sensor type APS 2048x2048 Visible Infrared Hyperspectral Imager channel (VIHI) Main Objectives 1. To produce global mineralogical mapping at spatial resolution <400 m 2. To identify mineralogical species at a 5-10% confidence level 3. To correlate surface composition and surface features at a scale of 400m globally and up to 100m in selected places (> 5% surface coverage) Type of Optics Schmidt Telescope; Littrow spectrometer Type of Camera Pushbroom spectrometer FOV 3.7º (64mrad) IFOV 50arcsec (250 rad) Spectral range 400 – 2000 nm Spectral sampling 6.25 nm Sensor type HgCdTe with HgCdZn substrate removal; 256x256 CMOS ROIC; 30m pixel pitch Optics Thermoelastic stability Still under study: optomechanical tollerances not yet fixed. The following values present have to be considered as reference. APE Absolute Pointing error; Resource Requirements: Pointing & Alignment Parameter IFOV AME HRIC 2.6 10 APE RPE 6 (1.5*) 0.25 / 3.5 (jitter) 17 (short term) RPE *: **: ***: STC 23 6** (¼ of a STC pixel) 41 - 62 6/5 VIHI 52 12.5*** (¼ of a VIHI pixel) 3 12.5 / 10 optimised for data volume goal value, minimum requirement is 10 arcsec goal value, minimum requirement is 20 arcsec (units) arcsec arcsec arcmin arcsec / ms arcsec / s is driving STC+VIHI AME The in flight calibration it is of paramount importance for the removal of thermomechanical biases!