Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Prenatal and Neonatal Prenatal Development • Prenatal development lasts approximately 38 weeks from conception to birth. • Three periods of development: ▫ Zygote ▫ Embryo ▫ Fetus Zygote Period • The zygote is formed at conception and continues to develop for the first two weeks. • The zygote travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus and implants itself in the uterine wall. • After 2 weeks, the placenta begins to grow and is attaches to the zygote via the umbilical cord. Embryo Period • The embryo period begins at the end of the second week and ends at the end of the eighth week. • First half of this period: ▫ The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers develop. ▫ The heart begins to pump. • Second half of this period: ▫ Facial features, arms, legs, fingers, and toes form. ▫ Can respond to touch. Fetus Period • The fetus period begins in the ninth week and continues through birth. • At the beginning of this period: ▫ Organs, muscles, and the nervous system organize. ▫ The lungs expand and contract. ▫ The external genitals are distinguishable. ▫ The fingernails, toenails, tooth buds, and eyelids develop. Fetus Period (continued) • 18 Weeks - Fetal movements are felt by the mother. • 20 Weeks - The fetus can hear sounds and react to them. • 24 Weeks - All the brain neurons are developed. • 25 to 38 Weeks – The fetus has a chance for survival outside the womb. This is called the age of viability. Prenatal Health Issues • Teratogens - environmental substances that cause damage during prenatal development ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Medications Drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol Radiation and pollution Infectious disease • Other health issues can include: ▫ The mother’s nutrition and stress level ▫ Rh blood incompatibility ▫ The mother’s age and previous pregnancy experiences Medications • Almost all medications that are taken by the mother can reach the embryo or fetus through the bloodstream. • Medications can cause: ▫ Low birth weight ▫ Lower intelligence later in life ▫ Death • Mothers must consult doctors before taking any medications. Illegal Drugs • Fetuses exposed to illegal drugs in the womb are at risk of: ▫ Low birth weight ▫ Numerous defects ▫ Death • If the fetus manages to survive through birth, the baby is likely born with a drug addiction. Cigarettes • Cigarette smoking while pregnant can cause: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Low birth weight Cancer in childhood Miscarriage Death • Second-hand smoke can also put children at risk Alcohol • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious effect caused by the mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy. • Children with FAS may have: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Mental retardation Poor attention Hyperactivity, Facial abnormalities Slow growth Radiation • Pregnant women should avoid exposure to radiation, including medical X-rays. • Exposure to radiation can cause: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Miscarriage Poor physical growth Brain damage Cancer Pollution • Some environmental pollution dangers include mercury, lead, and PCBs. • Exposure to pollutants can cause: ▫ Brain damage ▫ Mental retardation ▫ Low birth weight Infectious Disease • Infectious disease can be difficult for pregnant mothers to evade. • Common illnesses such as the cold and flu are essentially harmless to the fetus as long as the mother is well-rested and continues to get nutrients. • Serious infectious disease can cause: ▫ Birth defects ▫ Low birth weight ▫ Miscarriages Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues • Pregnant women must be certain to get proper nutrition. The level of malnutrition of the mother is directly linked to brain weight in the child. • Pregnant women should also try to remain stress-free. Anxiety can have harmful effects on the fetus. Non-Teratogen Prenatal Health Issues (continued) • Rh blood incompatibility between the mother and fetus can cause: ▫ Mental retardation ▫ Heart damage ▫ Death • Blood tests and vaccines are given to prevent illness or injury resulting from Rh incompatibility. Neonatal Development • The first four weeks of life are called the neonatal, or newborn, stage. • In this stage, special attention is given to: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Parent-child bonding Reflexes Temperament States of arousal Sensory capabilities The Apgar Scale • The Apgar scale rates newborns in the following areas: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration • Apgar scores: ▫ 7 to 10 – Healthiest ▫ 4 and 6 – Need assistance with breathing or other vital signs ▫ 0 and 3 – Need serious emergency medical attention Bonding • Bonding is a parent’s deep affection and concern for the newborn. • Parents and children develop a special bond that allows the infant to grow and develop with confidence. • Some parents instantly bond, while other parents bond over the first few weeks. Reflexes • Reflexes are expected, automatic responses to specific stimulants. • Newborn reflexes include: ▫ Rooting reflex ▫ Sucking reflex ▫ Palmer reflex • Most of these reflexes should disappear as the baby grows and develops. Sensory Capabilities • Touch – most important sense for newborns • Taste – prefer sweet over salty • Smell – respond to good and bad smells • Sound – special interest in the human voice • Vision – least developed sense in a newborn Newborn States of Arousal • Newborns continually cycle through five states of arousal: ▫ Regular sleep – deep sleep with little movement ▫ Irregular sleep – light sleep with body movement ▫ Drowsiness – waking up or falling asleep ▫ Quiet alertness – awake and attentive ▫ Waking activity and crying – uncoordinated movements and irregular breathing Neonatal Health Issues • The transition from the womb into the world does not occur smoothly. • Neonatal health issues include: ▫ Premature birth ▫ Respiratory issues ▫ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Premature Birth • Premature birth is used to describe infants that are preterm or smallfor-date. ▫ Preterm babies are born 3 weeks or more before the 38-week due date. ▫ Small-for-date babies weigh less than expected compared to their length of time in the womb. • With proper care and special attention, many premature babies go on to lead normal, healthy lives. Respiratory Issues • In respiratory distress syndrome, a baby’s air sacs collapse, which makes breathing very strenuous • Respiratory distress syndrome can occur in premature or full-term babies. • Babies with respiratory distress syndrome are attached to respirators until they can breathe comfortably on their own. SIDS • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs when an infant dies during sleep. • Death occurs with no trauma to the child and no indication from the child, such as crying, prior to death. • No cause, cure, or prevention has been found for SIDS.