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ARCH 0412 From Gilgamesh to Hektor: Heroes of the Bronze Age February 24, 2016: Heroes of the Trojan War Remember: How Do We Know What We Know about the Iliad? • • • • Depicts an event in the 13th century BCE (Late Bronze Age) Homer (?) believed to have composed the Iliad and the Odyssey in the 9th-8th century BCE Believed to be written down in the 7th century BCE Continued to be modified in the 6th century BCE Athens The Venetus A Script of the Iliad 10th century AD Attic black-figure amphora by Exekias Achilles killing Penthesilea c. 540-530 BCE, Height (41.6 cm) British Museum BM1836,0224.127 Heinrich Schliemann and Troy excavations, 1872 Characters in the Iliad The Iliad: Main Characters - Greeks Agamemnon King of Mycenae, the first among equals of Greek kings Menelaos King of Sparta, Agamemnon’s brother Achilles King of Myrmidons, son of Peleus and Thetis, best warrior of Greeks Odysseus King of Ithaca, known for his wisdom and counsel Patroclos Achilles’s companion and best friend Nestor King of Pylos, Agamemnon’s most trusted advisor Diomedes King of Argos, one of the best Greek warriors Aias and Ajax Two of the best warriors of the Greeks, sharing the same name Helen Wife of Menalaos, queen of Sparta The Iliad: Main Characters - Trojans Priam King of Troy Hektor Son of Priam, and the best of Trojan warriors Paris Younger son of Priam, Helen’s lover Aeneas Son of Aphrodite, one of the best Trojan warriors Sarpedon A Lycian leader, son of Zeus Hekabe Wife of Priam, the queen of Troy Andromache Wife of Hektor The Iliad: Main Characters - Immortals Zeus King of the Gods Hera Zeus’s wife and sister Athena Zeus’s daughter, goddess of war and wisdom Aphrodite Goddess of love Hephaistos Son of Hera, the god of craftsmen and metalsmiths Apollo Son of Zeus, god of sun, art, prophecy and healing Artemis Apollo’s sister, god of hunting Poseidon God of the sea, Zeus’s brother Ares Son of Zeus and Hera, god of war Events of the Iliad in the Larger Perspective The Judgement of Paris Kylix depicting the Judgement of Paris Antikenmuseen, Berlin F2536 c. 440 BCE Abduction/Seduction/Running Away of Helen ‘The Abduction of Helen’, 1631 Oil on canvas Musée du Louvre, Paris, France Menelaos pursuing Helen, who turns to look back as she flees c. 480 BCE British Museum 1843,1103.86 The Trojan War, Sack of Troy and Return of the Achaian Heroes Iliad: Synopsis Iliad: General Themes Iliad: Some General Themes • Fate, and the inability to escape from it • Glory as the ultimate prize of the hero, although it mostly means a short life • Importance of companionship and friends. • The personal depiction of war, both for the warriors and the gods • Rage (particularly of Achilles!) • Mortality and death (both humans and the city) • Mutual respect between enemies and allies • Honor and its hierarchy • Divine intervention and aid, over and over again • Disregard/neglect or the obsession with signs, symbols and omens • The very rare voice of Homer, who tries to ‘report’ the events objectively.
