Download Communication Principles of Tradition and Change * Ch.1-5

Communication Principles of Tradition and Change – Ch.1-5
June 14, 2010
Ch 1 Introduction: Why Study Communication?
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
Communication is Complex
Communication Impact
o Skills
o Theory
Freedom of Expression
o Definition
o Impacts
 Core values
 Technological change
Course Themes
o Transactional perspective
o Critical thinking
o Participant focus
o Context impact
o Cultural impact
o Technological impact
Key terms
o Communication - a process by which information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior
o Freedom of expression - the freedoms of speech, of the press, of association, of
assembly, and of petition; this set of guarantees, protected by the First Amendment,
constitutes this concept
o Culture - community of meaning; we all belong to multiple cultures and we come into
contact with other cultures on a professional and social basis every day; people belong
to a variety of nations, traditions, groups and organizations, each of which has its own
point of view, values and norms



(1)
(2)
The central focus of Martin Luther King’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail was:
A
the importance of nonviolence as a philosophy
B
detailing methods of nonviolent protest for civil rights
C
focusing on lynching across the south
D
forming the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
E
the First Amendment’s guarantee of the right of peaceful assembly and protest
Each of the actions listed below fall under the right to freedom of speech EXCEPT:
A
flag burning
B
political blogs
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Communication Principles of Tradition and Change – Ch.1-5
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C
protest march
D
voting
E
bearing arms
Culture has multiplied the channels by which we can create relationships, gather information, conduct business, and make
decisions.
(3)
True
False
A major part of the Transactional Perspective of communication is the assumption that communication participants cooperate
to create meaning.
(4)
True
False
Ch 2 What is Communication?
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Importance of Theory
o Theory defined
o Theory development
o Theory goals
Communication Defined
o Multiple definitions
o Course definition: Communication is a process in which participants create meaning by
using symbols and behavior to send and receive messages within a social and cultural
context
Key term: Process
o Continuous
o Dynamic
Key term: Participants
o Communicators/senders
o Listeners/receivers
Key term: meaning
o Common interpretation
o Encoding
o Decoding
Key term: Symbol
o Arbitrary label
o Concrete or abstract
Key term: Messages
o Verbal
o Nonverbal
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Key term: context
o Social
o Cultural
o Mediated vs. Face-to-Face
Communication Models: Action Model
o Aristotelian model
 The rhetoric
 Elements:
sender  message  audience
o
Shannon-Weaver Linear Model
 Elements:
Noise Source
Information  Transmitter  Channel Receiver  Destination
Source
Mg. (Encoder) signal
signal
Mg.
o

Additions in Action Model
 Channel
 Noise
 Semantic
 Physical
 Psychological
 Physiological
Communication Models: Interaction Model
o Schramm
 Elements:
Message
Encoder
Decoder
Interpreter
Interpreter
Decoder
Encoder
Message
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o
Berlo

Elements:
Encodes
Source:
-
Communication skills
Attitudes
Knowledge
Social system
Culture
 Message:
Decodes
 Channel:
- Content
- Elements
- Treatment
- Structure
- Code
- Hearing
- Seeing
- Touching
- Smelling
- Tasting
o

Additions in Interactional Model
 Shared relationship
 Fields of experience
 Two-way process
Communication Models: Transactional Model
o Properties
 Communication is Process
 Communication is Irreversible
 Communication is Interdependent
 Communication occurs in a context
 Communication occurs in a culture
o Elements:
4

Receiver
- Communication Skills
- Attitudes
- Knowledge
- Social System
- Culture
Communication Principles of Tradition and Change – Ch.1-5
June 14, 2010
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Key Terms
o Message – the verbal or nonverbal stimulus that is transmitted to an audience.
o Physical context – the space surrounding the communication event, or the place in
which the communication event occurs.
o Wilbur Schramm – introduced a model of communication that includes a notion of
interaction.
o Feedback – information that is routed to the source, or fed back, from the receiver.
o Psychological noise – distraction takes place inside the sender or receiver, such as
misunderstanding or failing to remember what was heard.
o Code – language
o Process – implies that communication is continuous and ongoing; dynamic; it never
stops.
o Empirical – knowledge claims are based on observations of reality (i.e.; the real world)
and are not merely subjective speculation based on the observers perspective
o Carrier – a channel of messages.
o Source – person who initiates communication
o Environmental noise – interference with the signal as it moves from the source to the
destination.
o Transmitted – sent the message.
o Destination – the other person; receiver of the message.
o Action model – states that the source of a message is solely responsible for the meaning
of a message.
o Theory – an attempt to describe, predict, and/or explain an experience or phenomenon
o Decodes – turning the signal again into a message.
o Transactional model – incorporates view that all participants are both speakers and
listeners with the notion that the creation of the meaning of a message is not the sole
responsibility of the source or the receiver, but a responsibility that is shared among all
participants in a common situation or event
o Receiver – person who accepts the communication.
o Noise – anything that can interfere with the signal.
o Interaction model – views the source and receiver as a team in the communication
process.
o David Berlo – discussed process and the complexity of communication in The Process of
Communication.
o Channel – pathway that carries sound waves created by the voice, or some mediated
signal
o Social context – considers the nature of the event taking place in a physical context.
o Participant – includes source, receiver, speaker, and listener.
o Culture – community of meaning; we all belong to multiple cultures and we come into
contact with other cultures on a professional and social basis every day; people belong
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o
o
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
to a variety of nations, traditions, groups and organizations, each of which has its own
point of view, values and norms.
Aristotle – philosopher, scientist, and teacher who lived in ancient Greece
Encoded – converted from one system of communication into another.
What concept is defined by the following: “An attempt to describe, predict, and/or explain an experience or phenomenon”?
A
theory
B
phenomenology
C
strategic communication
D
hypothesis
E
communication
According to the Action Model, if communication fails, it is primarily because:
A
the source failed to create a well-designed message
B
noise interfered with the ability to encode the message
C
the source failed to consider the listener’s field of experience
D
the listener expected that communication is linear, while the source considered it to be interactional
E
the channel failed to deliver the message
You’re a member of a jury, and some evidence is presented that the judge rules is inadmissible. She tells you to ignore what
you’ve heard when you consider the case. What property of the transactional model is ignored by this example?
A
Communication is a process.
B
Communication is irreversible.
C
Communication means shared responsibility.
D
Communication occurs within cultures.
E
Communication fails without feedback.
All are properties of the transactional model EXCEPT:
A
Communication is a Process
B
Communication is Irreversible
C
The sender is primarily responsible for message effectiveness
D
Communication occurs in a context
E
Communication involves senders and receivers
The Interaction Model differs from the Action Model, because the Interaction model does not view communication as linear
True
False
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The Transaction model of communication specifies the source and the receiver of messages.
(6)
True
False
Ch. 3 What is the Impact of Critical Thinking in Communication?
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Critical Thinking
o Definition: key elements
 Investigation
 Purpose
 Integration
 Justification
Critical thinking styles
o Sponge approach
o Panning-for-gold approach
Knowledge gained from critical thinking
o Organized knowledge
o Skill knowledge
o Understanding
Critical thinking skills
o Perceptual skills
o Knowledge-gathering skills
o Researching skills
Perceptual process
o Selection
o Organization
o Interpretation
Perception principles
o Subjectivity
 Definition
 Sources:
 Physiology
 Culture and experiences
 Psychology
o Psychological subjectivity: Types
- Selective exposure
- Selective attention
- Selective interpretation
- Selective retention
o Stability
 Definition
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 Examples
o Meaningfulness
 Definition
 Types
 Contrast
 Familiar vs. Novel – your right brain tries to say the color but your left
brain insists on reading the word
 Closure
 Repetition
Listening vs. Hearing
o Definitions
o Listening involves
 Active process
 Interpreting stimuli
 Reacting to stimuli
Barriers to listening
o Noise
o Daydreaming
o Information overload
o Fatigue
o Speaker focus
o Apprehension
Knowledge gathering
o Examples
 Simple
 Extended
 Hypothetical
 Actual
o Statistics
 Descriptive
 Inferential
o Testimony
 Expert
 Peer
o Narratives
 Anecdote
 Extended
o Analogies
 Figurative
 Literal
Researching Skills: Information Sources
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o Your intellect
o Interviews
o Surveys
o Online searches
o Print resources
Evaluating information
o Authority
o Coverage
o Recency
o Objectivity
Key Terms
o Anecdote - a brief, amusing story that can be used to capture audience attention.
o Skill knowledge - consists of your grasp of how to do something.
o Interpretation - assigning meaning to your perceptions
o Meaningfulness - refers to the ways that we project comprehension or understanding
onto perceptions
o Hearing - a passive physiological process where the ear receives sound
o Physiology - physical sensory ability
o Listening - the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding
to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
o Researching skills - consist of your ability to seek and gather information
o Perception - our set of beliefs concerning what is out there.
o Selection - a method of focusing that narrows your attention to selected stimuli;
determining your topic and purpose, meeting the audiences needs and expectations,
and recognizing the kinds of supporting materials you will use to build the message.
o Organized knowledge - often called your intellect; it consists of your informed beliefs;
what you think is real.
o Understanding - combines skill with intellect to create insight.
o Statistics - a type of evidence; numbers that indicate relationships between phenomena
o Critical thinking - an investigation whose purpose is to explore a situation, phenomenon,
question, or problem to arrive at a hypothesis or conclusion that integrates all available
information and that can be convincingly justified.
o Subjectivity - perceptions that are unique to your personal experience, views, or mental
state.
o Organization - structuring perceptions in order to make sense of them
o Analogies - show a similarity between features of two ideas, objects, or people, in order
to create a comparison between the familiar and the unfamiliar.
o Knowledge-gathering skills - include your ability to read and to listen.
o Stability - refers to the predictability that we need in life.
o Knowledge gathering - identifying the data or evidence that you will need in order to
reach your communication goal of information-giving,persuading, or expressing value
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Communication Principles of Tradition and Change – Ch.1-5
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o
o
o
o
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Perceptual skills - engage physical and psychological dimensions, resulting in an
interaction between the senses and external environment.
Testimony - a type of evidence; consists of the comments of others
Evidence - material that you use to support your ideas,enhance interest, or establish an
emotional response
Figurative analogies - compare things in two different categories.
Culture - community of meaning; we all belong to multiple cultures and we come into
contact with other cultures on a professional and social basis every day; people belong
to a variety of nations, traditions, groups and organizations, each of which has its own
point of view, values and norm
Which is LEAST ACCURATE concerning the style of thinking known as the “sponge” approach?
A
it emphasizes knowledge acquisition
B
when you do this, you read and try to remember
C
it involves memory without much analysis
D
you strive for lots of core knowledge with this approach
E
it stresses evaluating what you’re learning
What is defined as “the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal
messages?”
A
decoding
B
perceiving
C
listening
D
hearing
E
knowledge gathering
Ryan began his presentation by saying: "Imagine that you are on a deserted island, palm trees sway in the breeze, the warm
sun is on your face, and the smell of tropical flowers is in the air. Suddenly, the sound of distant drums breaks your euphoria.
What do you do, panic? What would you do if you found yourself in such a situation?"
What kind of supporting material did Ryan use in his introduction?
A
peer testimony
B
extended metaphor
C
startling statement
D
artificial simile
E
hypothetical example
Selection, organization, and interpretation are part of the process of:
A
Communication
B
Intercultural understanding
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C
Critical thinking
D
Perception
E
Transferring knowledge
Which one of the following statements best describes analogies?
(5)
A
Stories that elaborate an idea
B
The comments of others
C
Numbers that indicate relationships between phenomena
D
Analogies attempt to create a comparison between the familiar and the unfamiliar
E
Material used to support ideas or to enhance interest
Knowledge-building skills are best described as your physical and mental ability to decode words.
(6)
True
False
Along with hearing, listening involves the interpretation of nonverbal cues.
(7)
True
False
Ch. 4 What is the Power of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication?
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Language
o Definition: key elements
 Shared system of symbols
 Structured in organized patterns
 Express thoughts and feelings
Language principles
o Arbitrary
o Changes over time
o Consists of denotative and connotative meanings
o Structured by rulers
Semantic Triangle:
Reference (thought)
 How words come to have meaning
Direct Casual Link
Direct Casual Link
Symbol (Word) --- No direct Link --- Referent (Thing)
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis – your perception of reality is determined by your thought processes,
and your thought processes are limited by your language. Therefore, language shapes reality.
How can I use language effectively?
o Use accurate language
o Use appropriate language
o Use unbiased language
o Avoid verbal distractions
 Slang
 Clichés or trite words
 Loaded words
 Empty words
 Derogatory language
 Equivocal words
What is nonverbal communication? A complex system of behavior and meaning
What is the nature of nonverbal communication?
o All types of communication that do not rely one words or other linguistic systems.
o Any message other than written or spoken words that conveys meaning.
o Anything in a message besides the words themselves.
o Messages expressed by nonlinguistic means.
What are the characteristics of nonverbal communication?
o Ambiguous
o Continuous
o Sometimes unplanned and unconscious
o Sometimes learned and intentional
o More believable than verbal
What are the functions of nonverbal communication?
o Complementing verbal messages
o Substituting for verbal messages
o Repeating verbal messages
o Contradicting verbal messages
o Regulating the flow of communication
o Deceiving listeners
What are the types of nonverbal communication?
o Body movement/Kinesics
 Emblems
 Illustrators
 Regulators
 Affect displays
 Adaptors
o Use of space/Proxemics
 Personal space
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
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Personal distances
Territoriality
 Primary territory
 Secondary territory
 Public territory
o Dress/Appearance
o Eye movement/Occulesics
 Open a communication channel
 Demonstrate concern
 Gather feedback
 Moderate anxiety
Key terms
o Adaptors - behaviors that can indicate our internal conditions or feelings to other
people
o Denotative meanings - literal, dictionary definitions that are precise and objective.
o Trite words - words that have been overused and lose power or impact
o Symbols - arbitrary labels that we give to some idea or phenomenon
o Kinesics - the study of our use of the body to communicate.
o Jargon - specialized professional language
o Semantic triangle - a model that demonstrates how words come to have meaning
o Public territory - available to anyone; so any space you try to claim is only temporary.
o Loaded words - sound like theyre describing, but theyre actually revealing your attitude.
o Language - a shared system of symbols structured in organized patterns to express
thoughts and feelings.
o Intersubjective - meaning can exist only when people share common interpretations of
the symbols they exchange.
o Regulative rules - tell us when, how, where, and with whom we can talk about certain
things
o Theory - an attempt to describe, predict, and/or explain an experience or phenomenon
o Dual perspective - recognize another person’s point of view and take that into account
as you communicate
o Equivocal words - have more than one correct denotative meaning.
o Constitutive rules - tell us how to countdifferent kinds of communication, revealing
what we feel is appropriate
o Reference - consist of thoughts, experiences, and feelings about the referent
o Affect display - a form of nonverbal behavior that expresses emotions
o Personal space - a small amount of portable space that you carry with you all the time;
you control who is and who is not permitted inside that space.
o Derogatory language - consists of words that are degrading or tasteless
o Intrusion of territory - violation, invasion, or contamination of your space.
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
(1)
(2)
Emblem - a nonverbal behavior that has a distinct verbal referent or even a denotative
definition, and it is often used to send a specific message to others
Meaning - symbols must be shared in order to be understood.
Expectancy violations - suggests that we hold expectations about the nonverbal
behavior of others, and when communicative norms are violated, the violation may be
perceived either favorably or unfavorably, depending on the perception that the
receiver has of the violator
Referent - the thing that we want to communicate about that exists in reality
Clichés - words that have been overused and lose power or impact
Grammar - syntax, a patterned set of rules that aid in meaning
Regulator - a turn-taking signal that helps control the flow, the pace, and turn-taking in
conversations
Syntactical rules - present the arrangement of a language; how the symbols are
organized.
Semantic rules - govern the meaning of specific symbols
Empty words - overworked exaggerations.
Phonological rules - regulate how words sound when you pronounce them.
Slang - consists of words that are short-lived, arbitrarily changed, and often vulgar ideas.
Illustrator - a gesture that is used with language to emphasize, stress, or repeat what is
being said
Connotative meanings - reflect your personal, subjective definitions.
Primary territory - space on those items you personally control
Eye contact - direct visual contact made with another person; helps us to communicate
in at least four ways: it can open a channel of communication, demonstrate concern,
gather feedback, and moderate anxiety
Secondary territory - not your private property; not owned by you, but typically
associated with you
Regionalisms - words or phrases that are specific to one part of the country
Which is LEAST ACCURATE in identifying a characteristic of nonverbal communication?
A
The connection between nonverbal behavior and its meaning is unambiguous.
B
Nonverbal communication is pervasive and complex.
C
Nonverbal communication can be unconscious or intentional.
D
Much nonverbal communication is learned, rather than instinctive.
E
Mover of the meaning that people attribute t messages comes from the nonverbal channel than the verbal one.
When someone deviates from our expectations, our evaluation of that deviant behavior is impacted by our communicator
reward valence. Which BEST describes communicator reward valence?
A
potential to award positive or negative consequences that result from deviations
B
behaviors you do during an interaction to show your discomfort
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C
the distance at which a person experiences physical or physiological discomfort by the presence of another
D
positive or negative characteristics you bring to an interaction
E
the negative feelings that you have about primary and public spaces
An affect display is:
(3)
A
A nonverbal behavior having a distinct verbal referent and can be used to send a specific message.
B
A gesture that can be used with language to stress something that was said.
C
A turn-taking signal that helps control the flow or pace of a conversation.
D
A form of nonverbal behavior that expresses emotions, such as a facial expression.
E
A behavior that can indicate internal feelings.
The study of the ways in which gestures and body movements communicate:
(4)
A
kinesics
B
chronemics
C
haptics
D
paralanguage
E
proxemics
Making the “peace sign” with your fingers is an example of a(n)
(5)
A
emblem
B
illustrator
C
affect display
D
regulator
E
adaptor
In the semantic triangle, the referent or “thing” and the “symbol” are basically the same thing.
(6)
True
False
Word connotations are found in dictionaries.
(7)
True
False
Ch. 5 How can I become a Credible Source?
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Credibility
o Definition: key elements
 Audience perception
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 Source believability
Qualities of credibility
o Character
o Intelligence
o Goodwill
o Charisma
Stages of credibility
o Initial credibility
o Derived credibility
o Terminal credibility
Strategies for impacting credibility
o Message strategies
o Language strategies
o Delivery strategies
Speech anxiety
o Definition
o Dimensions
 Physiological dimensions
 Cognitive dimensions
 Behavioral dimensions
Managing speech anxiety
o Visualization
o Systematic desensitization
o Cognitive restruction
Key terms
o Visualization - fourth step in Monroe’s motivated sequence; you picture for the
audience what the world will be like if your plan is adopted; reduction of speech anxiety
by imagining positive speaking experiences.
o Character - perceptions of integrity, honor, trust, altruism, and ethics.
o Derived credibility - the believability you produce in your audience's mind as you
present the message
o Speech anxiety - commonly called stage fright; apprehension about communicating in
some situations.
o Physiological dimensions - speech anxiety caused by the body producing hormones and
adrenaline that overloads your system, causing your heart to beat faster, blood pressure
to rise, etc.
o Situational anxiety - speech anxiety caused by the result of being placed in a particular
context, and the real or imagined aspects of that situation cause anxiety
o Cognitive restructuring - reduction of speech anxiety by assisting you in how you think
about speaking situations
o Goodwill - caring for others more than for yourself.
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o
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o
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o
o
o
o
(1)
(2)
(3)
Mystification - the use of special jargon to imply that you have special authority or
expertise
Terminal credibility - the cumulative result of initial and derived credibility.
Traitlike anxiety - speech anxiety that is a result of your temperament and personality; it
is a relatively stable and enduring predisposition of an individual towards experiencing
fear and/or anxiety across a wide range of communication contexts.
Systematic desensitization - reducing speech anxiety by focusing on reducing tensions
that surround a feared event; you learn how to relax
Intelligence - a perception of competence, expertise, and knowledge
Credibility - perceptions of believability.
Charisma - an individual personality set apart from ordinary people; special charm or
appeal
Communication - a process by which information is exchanged between individuals
through a common system of symbols, signs, and behavior
Initial credibility - the perception of the source prior to a message (also known as your
reputation).
All of the following are symptoms of speech anxiety EXCEPT:
A
mental imaging
B
sweating
C
trembling hands
D
quivering voice
E
dry mouth
All of the following are symptoms of speech anxiety EXCEPT:
A
mental imaging
B
sweating
C
trembling hands
D
quivering voice
E
dry mouth
The concept of initial credibility is BEST EXPLAINED as:
A
the emotional appeal that a communicator exerts over the audience
B
an attempt by the communicator to identify with the audience by sharing values
C
the communicator‘s use of logic to reason with the audience in the middle of the speech
D
the audience’s impression of the communicator prior to the message being delivered
E
the audience rejection of the communicator‘s credibility due to a conflict in ethos characteristics
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(4)
21. “Mystifications” that use technical words, jargon, or acronyms, often persuade by;
A
convincing a listener that she and the persuader share a common kinship bond, thus creating identification
B
making the listener feel like he has also experienced the training or expertise implied by the persuader
C
creating a sense in the listener that she is being let in on something special or rare that few others are being given
D
making the listener feel like she has not experienced the persuader’s implied training or expertise, possibly even
increasing the persuader’s perceived expertise
E
(5)
creating a boomerang effect in the audience
Derived credibility refers to the reputation of a speaker before the speech begins.
True
False
(6)
Communication apprehension is primarily a personality trait.
True
False
Dr. Cecil V. Kramer Jr.; Christina; Rebecca; Tiffany; Christopher; Jennifer; Rachel; Phillip;
Marion; Andy; Joengkee; Cindy; Chuck
This is really all about communication!!!!
Assignments folder until Friday, 4 p.m.
+ Reading assignment, Max Picard, “Man and Language”
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