Download UNEP (2008) Biodiversity, Bioenergy and landuse

Bioenergy
Biodiversity and Land use
Expert meeting on
biodiversity standards and strategies for sustainable
cultivation of biomass for non-food purposes
12-15 March 2008, Isle of Vilm/Germany
Martina Otto
Head, Policy Unit, Energy Branch
United Nations Environment Programme
Bioenergy trade offs
• between drivers
Climate Change
Energy Security
Development
(energy access,
MDGs, rural areas)
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
Biodiversity provides the basis for ecosystems and the services they provide.
• between country specific (needs ; country conditions)
basic energy
Transport fuel
productive energy
Current structure and
Growth potential
Of agricultural sector;
Crops, Trade flows
Climate change
Impacts –
Adaptation potential
Cooking, heating, lighting
energy
food
labour / economic development
Biophysical:
Climatic conditions,
Water availability,
Soil quality
• between the local, national and global agendas
Competition for land use…
• Human settlements
• Agriculture (food, feed, fibre !)
• Protected areas / high conservation value areas
(biodiversity !)
… and ecosystem services
Increasing pressure from:
• Population growth
• Lifestyle changes / consumption patterns
• CC
Potential
Biodiversity hotspots
Water stress
Source: WRI, 2006
Zoom on agriculture
• Both cultivated and wild biodiversity provide services
necessary for agriculture; livelihoods are directly linked
• Potential impacts from agriculture on biodiversity through
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Land use change
Soil erosion and degradation
Water overuse and contamination
Invasive species and GMOs
Biofuels – exacerbating the risks or
opportunity to spur improvements?
• recovery of marginal lands
• prevention of desertification
• increased efficiency of agriculture (new
technologies and fresh investment)
Zoom on energy
• High level of energy consumption in developed countries
• Growth in demand in emerging economies
• Impacts from production and distribution of energy on
biodiversity through
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Fuelwood collection
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction, pipelines / shipping (spills)
Dams (flooding of biodiversity reach areas)
Batteries (production and end of life / waste)
• Impacts from use of fossil energy: Climate change,
which in turn, has an impact on biodiversity
Biofuels – an opportunity to reduce
impacts or posing new threats?
Need for good planning and management
• Choice of the area (‘no go areas’, e.g. PA, HCVA; ‘no
regrets’, e.g. marginal land)
• Choice of the crop (adapted to local conditions and needs)
• Good agricultural practices (water, soil, new technologies,
methods serving double purpose)
• Involvement of local communities (planning, production,
use)
governments: mmt of natural resources
industry: risk management
local communities: improvement of livelihoods
Set of rules – RSB principles and criteria
7. Biofuel production should avoid negative impacts on
biodiversity and areas of high conservation values
a. Identification of the production site (plantations, transformation
facilities and other infrastructure). Balanced contribution from producer,
according to their financial means, and governments to identify and
map HCV areas, native ecosystems, ecological corridors, and
other areas of importance.
b. No conversion of HCV areas, native ecosystems, ecological
corridors and other biological conservation areas. Limited
exploitation of such areas under management as long as HCVs are
preserved, as well as degraded areas (to be defined and cut off date to
e set)
c. Avoid or minimize negative impacts on ecosystem functions and
services.
d. Buffer zones to be set between production sites and surrounding
areas.
e. Avoid disruption of ecological corridors, even on the production site.
f. Good practices: promote the use of degraded land, native species, crop
rotation, global landscape management system, no-till practices, green
harvesting, etc.
Set of rules – RSB principles and criteria II
• definitions (HCV areas, marginal / degraded land)
• indicators
• implementation protocols
• capacity building incl. information on crop and pathway
requirements and impacts (LCA)
• financial assistance in developing countries
• monitoring tools / certification
Indirect land use changes
High risk for both biodiversity and climate change –
solution through linkage between biodiversity and climate
change regimes?
Market based mechanisms and financial instruments
(more realistic evaluation of biodiversity/ecosystem
functions, internalisation of environmental cost, payments
for effective management of biodiversity)
• Risk adder (Fritsche, 2007)
• REDD
GIS monitoring (impacts going beyond the farm level, level
of monitoring needs to go beyond the farm level as well)