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Transcript
ALCOHOL AND THE EMERGENCY
DEPARTMENT
March 2016
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Identification of signs and symptoms related to alcohol
misuse
Recognition that ED attendance provides an opportunity for
brief intervention and health promotion
Provision of information on the health risks associated with
alcohol misuse
Recognition of the signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Management of alcohol withdrawal
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Alcohol costs the NHS £3.5billion per year
There are over 1 million attendances at A&E each year as a
result of excessive alcohol consumption
Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal are common in ED and
prompt treatment is required to reduce mortality and
morbidity
40% patients attend ED in the day but 70% attend ED at night
14% of road traffic accidents are related to illegal blood
alcohol levels
3-6% adults in England have alcohol dependence
18% adults binge drink
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Department of Health Chief Medical Officers' guideline for
both men and women(2016)
https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/heal
th-risks-from-alcohol-new-guidelines
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Harmful drinking: a pattern of drinking that causes health
problems
Alcohol dependence: a subjective awareness of a compulsion
to drink on a regular basis with resulting withdrawal if
consumption stops (see DSM5 and ICD10 definitions)
Binge drinking: >8 units for men and > 6 units for women on
a day
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1 unit of alcohol is equal to:
Half a pint of regular strength beer, lager or cider
A single (25ml) measure of spirits
1.5 units is equal to:
A small (125 ml) glass of standard strength wine
A 35 ml measure of spirits
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Smell of alcohol
Slurred speech and ataxia
Lethargy
Vomiting
Erratic behaviour and emotional lability
In severe cases, reduced Glasgow coma Score, and collapse
Airway protection, intubation and ventilation may be
necessary
All patients should have a blood glucose
If there is a head injury, a CT scan should be done
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Has patient previous ED attendances related to alcohol
Patients should be safely mobile prior to departure from ED
Patients with head injury should have a CT brain
Patients with sustained cuts, lacerations and abrasions should
have tetanus status documented and receive appropriate
immunization
Blood alcohol levels do not influence management
Consider all causes of GCS and do not automatically attribute
it to alcohol
All patients should have and alcohol, tobacco and recreational
drug history recorded and be given health promotion advice
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Patients may not be reliable in reporting substance use due to
confusion, poor memory, failing to recognise the connection
between symptoms and substance use
History should include prescribed and over the counter
medications as well as alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs
Social stigma may prevent patients being forthcoming
Potential impact on employment
Fear of police or social services involvement
Patients may not present at the time of an injury
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FAST – Fast alcohol screening test
AUDIT – Alcohol use disorders identification test
Paddington test – Paddington Alcohol Test
Severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire - SADQ
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Brief interventions in ED are effective in reducing alcohol
related harms
It aims to identify an alcohol problem and motivate someone
to do something about it
It may take as little as 5minutes
All patients who report alcohol consumption above the
recommended amounts should have a brief intervention prior
to discharge
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Understanding how much someone is drinking
Any negative effects that may be the result of alcohol
consumption
Exploring the benefits of reducing or stopping alcohol
Exploring barriers to change
Discuss personal target i.e. reduction or cessation
Discuss what plans and support need to be put in place to
achieve this target
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When alcohol dependent individuals reduce or stop drinking
they are at risk of withdrawal symptoms
This may occur within a few hours of the last drink
When acutely intoxicated individuals sober up, withdrawal
symptoms may follow
Mild withdrawal included nausea, vomiting, tremor, anxiety
Moderately severe cases include hallucinations, tachycardia
and pyrexia
Severe cases progress to seizures, delirium tremens,
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
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Patients who present following a seizure may require airway
support
Patients who are confused, have had seizures or head injury
should be discussed urgently with a senior colleague for CT
scan to exclude intracranial bleeds
Consider possibility of cervical spine injury in any patient with
head injury
What may alternative cause for patient’s symptoms be?
Sepsis, intracranial pathology, hypoglycaemia, psychiatric?
Malnourishment may lead to electrolyte abnormalities which
should be treated as they may lead to arrhythmia
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Malnutrition is associated with vitamin deficiencies so high
dose Vitamin B should be administered parenterally to reduce
risk of Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Examine patient for stigmata of chronic liver disease
Abdominal pain could be due to pancreatitis, gastritis, peptic
ulcer, perforation of duodenal and gastric ulcers, spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis, alcohol induced hepatitis
Consider alcoholic ketoacidosis when patients are vomiting
and perform blood gas acid-base disturbance
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Score patients regularly according to Clinical Institute Withdrawal
Assessment of Alcohol Scale, Revised (CIWA-Ar) to guide treatment
First line treatment is benzodiazepines
Long acting eg chlordiazepoxide is preferred
In ED severe withdrawal may require intravenous benzodiazepines
which should be discussed with a senior ED colleague
Patients with liver disease are at risk of toxicity from
benzodiazepines
All patients should have pulse oximetry, blood pressure,
respiratory rate and GCS monitored to assess toxicity
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Patients should have baseline blood tests eg FBC, renal profile,
liver function tests, amylase, coagulation screen and magnesium
levels
If sepsis is considered, chest x-ray and urinalysis should be done
If central infections are considered, CT and lumbar puncture
should be considered
Suspicion of bacterial peritonitis may require an ascetic tap for
microbiology, culture and sensitivity
Manage seizures according to Advanced life support guidelines
Manage withdrawal with benzodiazepines and vitamins (see above)
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Delirium tremens (DTs):
Occurs in 5% patients with alcohol withdrawal after 2-3 days
abstinence
Untreated has mortality rate of 15-20%
Symptoms: sever tremor, altered consciousness, confusion,
autonomic instability i.e. tachycardia and severe
hallucinations
Early treatment of withdrawal usually prevent onset of DTs
*Society for Study Addiction Factsheet Alcohol Withdrawal https://www.addiction-ssa.org/factsheets/alcohol-withdrawal
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Triad of symptoms included acute confusion, ataxia and
opthalmoplegia occurs in 10% patients only
Be aware of distinction between withdrawal and Wernicke’s
Encephalopathy
Due to acute thiamine deficiency
Treatment involves rapid intravenous thiamine administration
This is vital to prevent Korsakoff’s syndrome
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file/489795/summary.pdf
Department of Health ( 2016) Updated alcohol consumption guidelines give new advice on limits for men and pregnant women
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-alcohol-guidelines-showincreased- risk-of-cancer
Department of Health (2010) White Paper: Healthy lives, healthy people: our strategy for public health in England.
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Institute of Alcohol Studies (2013) Alcohol and older people: Health impacts:Hospital admissions. http://www.ias.org.uk/Alcohol-knowledgecentre/alcohol-and-olderpeople/Factsheets/Health-impacts-Hospitaladmissions.aspx
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Institute of Alcohol Studies (2013). UK Alcohol- related crime statistics. http://www.ias.org.uk/Alcohol-knowledge-centre/Crime-and-socialimpacts/Factsheets/UK-alcohol-relatedcrime-statistics.aspx
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NHS (2012): Your Drinking and You: The Facts on alcohol and how to cut down. http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/_library/Change4Life/408723_Your_Drinking_And_You.pdf
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NICE (2011) Alcohol Dependence and harmful alcohol use quality standard. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/QS11/chapter/introduction-and-overview
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NICE (2010) Clinical Guideline CG100Alcohol-use disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of alcohol-related physical complications. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG100
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NICE (2011) Clinical Guideline CG115 Alcohol-use disorders: Diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG115
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NICE (2014) CG 176 Head Injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG176
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Public Health England Alcohol Learning Centre (2012).Emergency medicine topic- screening tools http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/Topics/Browse/Hospitals/EmergencyMedicine/
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Public Health England (2014) Alcohol treatment in England 2013-14 http://www.nta.nhs.uk/uploads/adult-alcohol-statistics-2013-14-commentary.pdf
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http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/_library/alcoholNHS_afford_it.pdf
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NHS (2012): Your Drinking and You: The Facts on alcohol and how to cut down.
http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/_library/Change4Life/408723_Your_Drinking_And_You.pdf
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NICE (2011) Alcohol Dependence and harmful alcohol use quality standard. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/QS11/chapter/introduction-and-overview
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NICE (2010) Clinical Guideline CG100Alcohol-use disorders: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of alcohol-related physical complications.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG100
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NICE (2011) Clinical Guideline CG115 Alcohol-use disorders: Diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG115
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NICE (2014) CG 176 Head Injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in children, young people and adults.
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG176
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Parkinson K et al (2016), Prevalence of alcohol related attendance at an inner city emergency department and its impact: a dual prospective and retrospective cohort
study. Emerg Med J;33:187-193 doi:10.1136/emermed-2014-204581
Patient.co.uk (20152) Alcohol and sensible drinking http://www.patient.co.uk/health/alcohol-and-sensible-drinking
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Public Health England Alcohol Learning Centre (2012).Emergency medicine topic- screening tools
http://www.alcohollearningcentre.org.uk/Topics/Browse/Hospitals/EmergencyMedicine/
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Public Health England (2014) Alcohol treatment in England 2013-14 http://www.nta.nhs.uk/uploads/adult-alcohol-statistics-2013-14-commentary.pdf
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Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2015) Alcohol Related Harm Position Statement http://www.rcem.ac.uk/Shop-Floor/
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