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YEAR 9 HISTORY REVISION
Women and the Vote
The Victorian Times - The UK is the most powerful country in the world and has managed
to take over many other countries with their British Empire. Millions across the world look to
Britain as an example. There was an introduction of technology! The first kinds of cars,
tractors, steam ships, steam trains and household appliances. People wore very smart
clothes. Men had suits with neckties and long coats and women had a lot of focus on the
shape of their bodies! Lots of new houses were being built to deal with the booming
population. Women during the Victorian era were meant to be a servant for their man, they
did not have equal rights. They would want more equality because they believed they
should have the same rights as men.
Reasons why women wanted the vote:
• When Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837 women thought she would introduce
change and men would see a woman could in charge. Instead she introduced no change
and willingly allowed male advisors to tell her what to do.
• Women did not have the same opportunities as men, and had many barriers in their way
for their education or work. Typically they weren't allowed to be doctors or any other
educated professional unless it was a teacher or nurse.
• No laws could legally be changed without an Act of Parliament, which was voted upon by
MPs. If women wanted any change then they needed to be able to vote for MPs who
would support women's rights.
• Everything women did to argue for their equality was disagreed with by men. If they said
they paid taxes, men claimed it wasn't as though they were expected to go to war! If
women did acts to get attention, men said if they were going to be dangerous they didn't
deserve the vote!
• Queen Victoria died in 1901. The Suffragettes thought that without a woman in some
position of power in Britain they would have a lesser chance of success.
Fighting for their Rights
Women's Social and Political Union
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) became involved in women's suffrage in 1880. She was a
founding member of the WSPU in 1903 and led it until it disbanded in 1918. Under her leadership
the WSPU was a highly organised group and like other members she was imprisoned and went on
hunger strike protests. WSPU members were determined to obtain the right to vote for women by
any means and campaigned tirelessly and sometimes violently to achieve this aim. They felt that
the impact of peaceful tactics seemed to have been exhausted and a different, more radical
approach was needed. The WSPU undertook more violent acts, including attacks on property and
law-breaking, which resulted in imprisonment and hunger strikes. These tactics attracted a great
deal of attention to the campaign for votes for women.
Ways to win the Vote
• Propaganda posters advertising the equality women want
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Chains and buckles for 5 women to chain themselves to railings
Bomb-making materials
Banners and placards for women to hold in parades
An office for the Suffragettes to hold meetings
Bail money (to pay for Suffragettes to be released from prison)
Publicity for 10 women to be on hunger strikes
Paint to graffiti buildings
• A large parade and carnival so speeches could be made
• Leaflets to hand out to politicians
Emily Davison Mystery
When she did her practices she also
practiced getting out of the way.
She never told anyone what she was going
to do at the 1913 Derby- not even her
mother, to whom she was very close
She was not looking at the horses as they
turned the corner- she was looking at the
King’s box opposite the track
She was a very close friend of the
Pankhursts (the leaders of the suffragettes
movement) but didn’t tell them what she
was planning
She had arranged to meet a friend for
lunch the day after the race
She practiced by getting a friend to run at her
as fast as possible whilst she jumped out with
the placard
She bought a return train ticket to the 1913
Derby
She had a homemade placard saying “Equal
Rights for Women” which she had hidden
under her jacket
She was well educated with a first class degree
from Oxford University
She had previously gone on hunger strike and
thrown herself down an iron staircase whilst in
prison as a Suffragette
War brings a truce
By 1914 women had still not won the right to vote. When the war broke out, the
Pankhurst's called off their campaign and asked supporters to help with the war effort.
With more men leaving to became soldiers, women got the chance to do jobs they'd never
done before. They became bus drivers, milk deliverers, police officers and car mechanics.
thousands of women worked in munitions factories too. By the end of the war, many
people felt women had earned the right to vote. In 1918 Parliament changed the voting
laws to allow women over the age of 30 to vote.
Alliances in Europe
1.Triple Alliance: This alliance
between Germany, Austria-Hungary
and Italy was signed in 1882. The
Triple Alliance formed a central
block of countries across Europe,
separating France from Russia. It was
a defensive alliance and all three
powers promised to fight if they were
attacked by any other two powers.
3.Britain and Splendid Isolation: At the
end of the 19th Century, Britain played
little part in events in Europe. It was quite
happy to remain isolated from any of the
alliances in Europe as long as no single
power gained complete control. This
isolation, because it was a deliberate
policy on the part of Britain, became
known as ‘splendid isolation’. It
depended on the strength of the British
Navy. Britain was an island and needed a
strong navy for protection and to keep
open trade and communications with its
empire, which was the largest in the
world.
Most of Britain’s problems had involved
clashes with France and Russia in the
colonies. Britain began to realise that the
Franco-Russian Alliance could be
directed against it. Britain’s natural ally
was Germany: it was not a colonial power
and was not therefore seen as a rival to
Britain. Moreover, the royal families of
the two countries were related. One of the
themes of the years 1900 to 1914 is how
Germany, from being Britain’s most likely
ally, became its enemy in the First World
War.
2.The Franco- Russian Alliance: After its defeat by Prussia in
1870, France was forced to sign the Treaty of Frankfurt in 1871,
in which it lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorrain to Germany
and was forced to pay Germany a sum of 5 billion francs (£200
million) in war debts. The French hatred of Germany and their
wish for revenge dominated their foreign policy in the years
leading up to the First World War. However, they could not get
revenge on their own. After Bismarck was dismissed by Kaiser
Wilhelm II in 1890, France was able to sign an agreement with
Russia in 1893.
The terms of the alliance were defensive. Both powers agreed to
join the other in war if either of them was attacked by Germany
or Austria-Hungary.
4.Anglo-Japanese Alliance - In 1902 Britain and Japan
signed an alliance in which they promised to help each
other if one of them was attacked by more than one
power. This meant that splendid isolation was more
splendid than ever. The Boer War ended without any
European action against Britain and now Britain had an
ally in the Far East to prevent Russian expansion there.
Britain did not need any allies in Europe.
5.The Entente Cordiale - Britain was becoming worried
by the size of the German naval fleet. It was not strong
enough to challenge Britain, but it could hold the balance
of power in any war between Britain and France or
Britain and Russia. So, in 1902 Britain put its navy on the
‘three-power standard’. This meant that it had to be as
large as the next three largest fleets in the world
combined. Germany had made it clear that it did not
want to ally with either Britain or France, so Britain and
France looked to sorting out the problems between
them. In 1903-04 the two countries signed the Entente
Cordiale (friendly agreement). In this, France allowed
Britain to go ahead with reforms in Egypt and Britain
promised not to oppose any French action in Morocco.
The Entente Cordiale was an agreement, not an alliance.
Britain had no intention of becoming involved in
European affairs. Its colonial problems in Egypt had
been solved, its ally Japan was defeating Russia in the
Far East and its navy had reached the three power
standard. Germany did not see it this way. It thought that
Britain had abandoned isolation and joined France.
Germany seemed intent on challenging the Entente
Cordiale.
Assassination
Reasons for Joining Up
• Peer Pressure
• Fear of being called a coward
• Loving your country (Patriotic)
• Propaganda
• Ignorance
• Fighting for a ‘just’ cause
Propaganda is
the
government’s
way of
persuading the
general public
to do
something. It
was used
greatly by the
government
during the First
World War.
Rats and Lice
Attracted by all the
dead bodies, rats
flourished in their
millions in the
Trenches. A pair of
rats can have over
880 babies a year!
The brown rat was
feared my many, they
gorged on human
remains, especially
the eyes and liver.
Lice spread Trench
Fever, this caused
muscle pain, pain in
the eye balls and a
high fever…nasty!
Gas Attacks
There were many new machines and
techniques used in World War 1 as
technology developed. One of the
deadliest of these was ‘gas’. First
used by Germany in January 1915.
An estimated 91,198 soldiers died
as a result of poison gas attacks
and another 1.2 million were
hospitalised.
Three main gases used
Gas:
Lachrymator
(Tearing agent)
Gas:
Asphyxiant
Gas:
Blistering Agent
Effects:
Temporary
blindness;
Swelling of throat
and nose
Effects:
Resulting in the
organs being
strangulated of
oxygen
Effects:
This gas reacted
with skin. It
caused huge
blisters all over
your body,
including your
eyes and groin.
Trenches were an awful place for soldiers to be and not just
because of the fighting. Rotten smells filled the air and
soldiers could do nothing to escape from them…. rotting,
decomposing bodies covered the ground, men unable to wash
for weeks on end and the lingering smell of gas left over
from gas attacks all mingled in to the wet mud which soldiers
lived in.
Soldiers stood and sat for hours on end in mud and water
filled trenches. As a result of this, thousands of soldiers
caught Trench Foot. In the winter of 1914 alone, 20,000
British soldiers caught Trench foot.
At the outset of the war, soldiers were
supplied with hot meals from Field
Kitchens. However as the war grew on
and conditions got worse, food began to
run out. Soldiers had to live off their
field rations.
TRENCH
(TRENCHES)
A long, narrow
ditch that was
dug to protect
soldiers in war
The Battle of the Somme
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In July 1916, the French army was
close to collapse.
After the high casualty rate at the
Battle of Verdun many troops were
refusing to fight.
If the Germans attacked again then
the French Army would be defeated
and the allies would lose the war.
General Haig was ordered to divert
the Germans away from Verdun by
launching an attack on the Somme.
General Haig – Hero or Butcher ?
Hero
• Haig was faced with an
impossible dilemma in
a war that no-one was
prepared for or able to
win on the battlefield.
• Haig was under
constant pressure from
the British Government
for a morale boosting
victory over the
Germans.
• It was not considered
acceptable to simply sit
in the trenches of the
Western Front and wait
for the Germans to give
in.
• In 1916 the Germans
were attacking the
French fortress of
Verdun. By attacking
the Germans on the
Somme, Haig was able
to relieve the pressure
on the French at
Verdun.
Butcher
• Did Haig see the
soldiers of the British
Army as nothing more
than pawns in his vain
glory search.
• Was Haig unbending in
his belief in the 'big
push' theory that one
major victory would end
the war.
• The loss of hundreds of
thousands of soldiers
was simply a statistic of
war in the mind of this
man.
• The Battle of the
Somme was not the first
time Haig had tried the
tactic of bombardment.
• Haig continued to send
men into the Somme
battlefield for four
months even when it
was obvious that the
plan was a disaster.
Aftermath of World War One
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The war ended on 11th November 1918 at 11am. Now that the fighting had stopped the
countries had to agree on how to move forward. The problem was that each country had
a different opinion on what should be done.
President Wilson of the USA believed that Germany should not be punished
harshly and be allowed to prosper. In this way Germany would recover and
flourish and be more likely to maintain the peace.
Georges Clemenceau the French Prime Minister wanted Germany to be punished
for what France had suffered by 4 years of fighting on her land. If Germany
was destroyed then France would be safe.
Britain took the middle ground. David Lloyd George (Prime Minister) knew
that the British public were angry and wanted revenge but he realised that if
Germany was too harshly punished it could cause problems in the future.
On 28th June 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed. It went in favour of Clemenceau’s
approach and harsh on Germany. The terms included:
1. War Guilt – Germany must take the blames for starting the war
2. Territory – Alsace and Lorraine given to France, East Prussia was separated from
Germany by Poland, lost all overseas territories
3. Reparations – £6.2 billion to be paid to meet the cost for re-building parts of
France and Belgium that had suffered the worst in war damage.
4. Military – German army could not exceed 100,000 men and Germany was not
permitted to have a navy of more than 6 ships (no U-boats), border between
France and Germany (the Rhineland) was to be occupied by allied forces for 15
years.
The treaty was humiliating for Germany and the German people were outraged. The
public accused their leaders of “stabbing them in the back” by accepting the terms.
Germany was left undefended, poor and reduced in size.
Life in Nazi Germany
WOMEN IN NAZI GERMANY
Hitler had very conservative views on women. He believed they were inferior to
men and should be submissive and obedient to them.
Hitler believed the woman’s place was in the home as mother/home-keeper,
raising her children to be strong, healthy Germans who shared the Nazi vision.
Female doctors, civil servants and teachers were sacked – men replaced them
(which solved problem of unemployment).
Medals given for having children – Bronze for 4, Silver for 6, and Gold for 8!
Women with inherited disease were sterilised!
Propaganda promoted simple clothes. Trousers, perms, make-up and smoking
discouraged! Thin women discouraged.
WORKERS IN NAZI GERMANY
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One of the first tasks of Hitler’s government was to create jobs for
Germany’s six million unemployed. Money was poured into building roads,
hospitals, and schools.
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Steel Industry boomed as building of tanks, aeroplanes and battleships
began!
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Others found work in arms factories when Germany began re-arming and
in the forces when recruitment was reintroduced.
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Alongside the job creation the Nazi were determined to control the
entire labour force. Trade unions were smashed and all workers were forced to
join the Nazi Labour Front.
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Male Jewish workers were sacked. This opened up jobs for men.
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Workers had no rights. Wages were low, hours were long, and anyone who
opposed was sent to forced labour camp or concentration camps.
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Men had to wear a uniform & live in camps.
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Men in the Nazi Labour Front were given free meals and pocket money.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust (Shoah) was a unique event in 20th century history. It evolved slowly between 1933
and 1945. It began with discrimination; then the Jews were separated from their communities and
persecuted; and finally they were treated as less than human beings and murdered.
During the Second World War the Nazis sought to murder the entire Jewish population of Europe and
to destroy its culture. In 1941 there were about 11 million Jews living in Europe; by May 1945 the Nazis
had murdered six million of them. One-and-a-half million of these were children.
We now call these events the Holocaust.
Whilst the Jews of Europe were the Nazis’ primary target, many millions of other people were also
imprisoned, enslaved and murdered. These people included Roma, those with mental or physical
disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, trade unionists, political opponents, Poles and Soviet
prisoners of war.
The Nazis did not act alone. They were supported and assisted by people from within the countries
they occupied across Europe. Most countries stood by while the Nazis and their accomplices carried
out the mass murder of the Jewish people.
What is prejudice?
The word prejudice means to pre-judge, to make up your mind about someone before you know
anything about them. When you first meet someone, what is the first thing you notice? Their hair, the
colour of their skin, their clothes and the way they speak? We often make instant judgments about
each other, which later prove to be untrue.
Most people feel more comfortable in their own group, gang or tribe. People are often frightened of
difference because it feels unfamiliar and can seem threatening. It is easy for us to blame someone
else when things go wrong.
Sometimes the anger of the majority group is taken out on another group. Practically every society
throughout history has blamed one group or another for what goes wrong in that society. This is known
as scapegoating.
What is antisemitism?
Antisemitism is the term used when people are prejudiced against Jews just because they are Jewish.
Antisemitism is a modern racial term that was invented in 1879 by a German journalist called Wilhelm
Marr. However, anti-Jewish feelings are much older than that.
About 2,000 years ago, Jesus, according to the story in the Gospels, was executed for treason. He was
crucified, which was the Roman method of execution. Christian teaching did not blame the Romans; it
blamed the Jews. As his followers later regarded Jesus as God, so killing him became known as the
crime of ‘deicide’ (killing of God). This was the basis of Jew hatred.
Ghettos
The word ‘ghetto’ comes from the Italian ‘getto nuovo’ or ‘new foundry’, the area in which the Jews
were confined. Ghetto is the name that the Nazis used when they concentrated Jews in separate areas
of the various cities they conquered.
From the beginning the treatment of the Jews at the hands of the German army was appalling and
many atrocities occurred.
By 21 September 1939, an order had been issued that Jews were to be concentrated in separate areas
within cities (ghettos). This 'short-term' measure to contain and control Jews son developed into a longterm policy towards the Jews.
Jewish communities living in small towns and villages across Nazi-occupied Poland were to be transferred to
ghettos set up within the cities. Each of these communities were governed by a Jewish council (Judenraat),
who in turn took their orders from the SS.
The first ghetto in Poland was set up during October 1939. Very soon ghettos had been set up all over Poland,
with the largest in the capital, Warsaw. Over the next four years, the Nazis established ghettos in the major
cities of many of the countries they invaded. They established over 1,000 ghettos in Poland and the Soviet
Union alone.
Once a ghetto had been established, people were moved into them very quickly. They could take with them
only those possessions they were able to carry. Living conditions were abysmal; often there were several
families living where before there had been one.
Initially many ghettos were open, but very soon barbed wire fences or walls were built around them. Jews were
then not allowed to leave or have any contact with the outside world. Food rations were at starvation level and
disease was rife though lack of clean water and sanitation. Hundreds of thousands of people died in the
ghettos.
What were the camps?
Hermann Goering, a leading Nazi, was appointed head of the police in Bavaria. He recruited 50,000 SA and SS
members into the police in order to step up the campaign against the Nazis’ enemies.
The Nazis needed a place to house all the prisoners, they realised that they would have to establish large,
purpose-built camps . As prisoners were physically concentrated in one place, the Nazis called these first
camps 'concentration camps'. Over the next 12 years, as they invaded and occupied lands all over Europe, the
Nazis would build over 20,000 camps of various kinds. These included concentration camps, transit camps,
forced labour or work camps and death camps.
A concentration camp is a place where people are detained or confined without trial. Prisoners were kept in
extremely harsh conditions and without any rights. In Nazi Germany after 1933, and across Nazi controlled
Europe between 1938 and 1945, concentration camps became a major way in which the Nazis imposed their
control.
On 20 January 1942, 15 leading officials of the Nazi state met at a villa in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin, to
discuss the ’Final solution of the Jewish Question’.
The ‘Final solution’ was a code name for the murder of all the Jews of Europe. The people present at the
conference were to discuss how to make mass murder happen in an organised and methodical way.
The Nazis established six extermination camps on Polish soil. These were Chelmno (December 1941-January
1945), Belzec (March-December 1942), Sobibor (May-July 1942 and October 1942-October 1943), Treblinka
(July 1942-August 1943), Majdanek (September 1941-July 1944) and Auschwitz-Birkenau (March 1942January 1945). After the Wannsee Conference of 1942, the Germans established death camps at Belzec,
Sobibor and Treblinka. Their sole purpose was murder. They were set up near railway lines to make
transportation of the victims easy. As they were purely killing centres, there were no selections. The victims
were sent directly to the gas chambers.
Auschwitz-Birkenau, is the most infamous of the Nazi death camps. It was a massive concentration, forced
labour and extermination camp at the centre of a network of more than 40 satellite camps.
The first Auschwitz camp (Auschwitz I) was established by the Germans in 1940, in the suburbs of the town of
Oswiecim less than 40 miles south of Krakow in the south of Poland. It was initially a camp to house political
prisoners.
As part of the Final Solution the Nazis began building Auschwitz-Birkenau in the Autumn of 1941 on the site of
the village of Brzezinka, less than two miles from Auschwitz I. The local population were evicted and their
homes demolished and used for building materials.
Auschwitz-Birkenau began operating as a death camp between March 1942 and January 1945.
Upwards of 80 per cent of those Jews transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau were selected for immediate
death. The remainder was selected for work. The majority of those selected for work died within a few weeks or
months of their arrival at the camp as a result of overwork, ill treatment, disease or lack of food.