Download Policy for the Control of Infection in College

HEALTH AND SAFETY
Policy for the Control of Infection in College
User-group:
14-16 year old Students, FE Students, HE Students, International
Students, Employers, Permanent Academic Staff, Part Time Hourly
Paid Academic Staff, Permanent Support Staff, Temporary Support
Staff.
Category:
Date Approved:
Review Date:
Approved By:
Commissioning
Author:
Contact Person:
Health and Safety.
26 February 2013
26 February 2014.
Health and Safety Committee
Louise Burke – Health and Safety Advisor
Louise Burke – Health and Safety Advisor 0161 920 3359
Person Responsible:
College Mission Statement:

The Manchester College regards the promotion of Health and Safety as a mutual
objective for the College community including management, employees and
students and is committed to ensuring high standards of Health and Safety
throughout the organisation.

It is the intention of the college to develop, maintain and implement required
standards by continually reviewing its operations against developing legislation,
codes of practice and other initiatives.

The College recognises its responsibilities under Health and Safety legislation and
is committed to the development, promotion and implementation of high
standards to ensure a safe and healthy environment through the active
engagement of the college community.

The College is part of a healthy colleges network and senior managers have
developed healthy College standards appropriate for further education. The
model works at all levels from policy through to practice, acting both to promote
current wellbeing in college and to safeguard learners’ future Wellbeing through a
variety of educative practices, which raise awareness of health issues in a city
With disproportionate indices of ill-health. The college will build on and embed
strategies to maintain and extend the measures to ensure learner’s health and
broader wellbeing.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
This policy provides guidance and consistency in protecting the population of the College
from infectious diseases, that may from time to time be present in the staff or student
population.
DEFINITIONS:
Jargon/Key words
Definition
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BBV
Blood Borne Virus
GP
General Practitioner
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HPU
Health Protection Unit
Micro-organisms
Organisms too small to be seen with the
unaided eye, including bacteria.
Pathogenic
Capable of causing disease, any diseasecausing agent.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
2
Policy for the Control of Infection in College
Contents
Page Number
Aim of the policy
4
Introduction
4
Essential Items for Infection Control
4
1.
Practical Guide to Infection Control
4
i.
ii.
iii.
4
5
5
Hand washing
Personal Protective equipment
Food Handling and Hygiene
2.
Preventing the spread of Blood Borne Viruses
6
3.
i.
Modes of transmission
ii.
Occupational risk areas
iii.
Universal precautions
iv.
Additional guidance for first aid team members
Waste disposal
6
7
8
8
9
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
4.
Principles and guidance for disposal of clinical waste
Containment
Clinical waste bags
Sharps containers
Storage
Handling
Spillages
College trips
12
i.
General principles & guidance
12
5.
Exclusion periods for communicable diseases
13
6.
Related Policies
16
7.
Related Procedures and Forms
16
8.
Useful Web Addresses
16
9.
Appendices
17
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
3
Aim of the policy
Our overall aim of this policy is to prevent and control the spread of cross infection within
the college.
Introduction
Infection control is a fundamental requirement for safe practice where exposure to potential
pathogenic micro- organisms can occur.
This document is intended as a general guide to the most common communicable diseases;
it is not an exhaustive guide to communicable diseases. It is not intended to act as a guide to
diagnosis. This should only be undertaken by an appropriately qualified health professional.
Whenever there is any doubt about the management of a communicable disease, further
advice is available from:



The Community Infection Control Team (CICT);
The individuals GP;
Health Protection Unit.
Essential Items for Infection Control
1.
Practical Guide to Infection Control
I. Hand Washing
Good hand washing removes most micro-organisms from soiled hands, and is the single
most important procedure for preventing cross infection.
Good hand washing techniques apply to all users of the college.
The Illustration below demonstrates the effective hand washing technique.
II. Personal Protective Equipment
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
4

Plastic Aprons
The front of the body is the part most frequently contaminated by micro-organisms.
Any member of staff or student, who undertakes tasks involving exposure to blood
or bodily fluids, should wear plastic disposable aprons, as they will provide adequate
protection in most circumstances.

Gloves
Any member of staff or student who undertakes tasks involving exposure to blood or
bodily fluids should wear disposable gloves in order to:
o
o
Protect the hands from becoming contaminated with micro-organisms;
Minimise cross infection by preventing the transfer of organisms.
Natural Rubber Latex gloves have been the preferred glove in recent times, as they
are proven to provide protection against blood borne viruses. However, due to the
increased incidence of latex allergy, the H&S Department advise use of nitrile gloves
for first aid use. Nitrile gloves are free from allergenic protein, and offer a good level
of protection to the user. The H&S Department would advise that all departments
using gloves for undertaking tasks where exposure to BBV’s is possible should use
latex free gloves.
III. Food Handling and Hygiene
Every person working in a food handling area must maintain a high level of personal hygiene
at all times, this includes:
 Wearing clean clothing;
 Wearing protective clothing as required;
 Hair tied back;
 Wearing suitable head covering when preparing food;
 No wearing of jewelry or watches when preparing food (with the exception of a
plain wedding band);
 No touching of the face or hair when handling food;
 No smoking, spitting, sneezing, eating, chewing gum, when handling food;
 Effective hand washing:
o Every time you enter the food handling area;
o Before preparing food;
o After touching raw food (e.g. meat/poultry/eggs/soiled vegetables);
o After handling food waste and emptying a bin;
o After cleaning;
o After blowing your nose;
o After a break;
o After visiting the toilet;
o Every time you change tasks in the catering area.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
5
You must not work if you:



Are suffering from or carrying a disease likely to be transmitted through food (see
appendix 1);
Have infected wounds, skin infections, sores;
Have diarrhoea and/or vomiting.
Section 5 provides guidance on exclusion periods for staff or students suffering from specific
illnesses.
2.
Preventing the spread of Blood Borne Viruses (BBV’s)
I. Modes of Transmission
BBV’s are infections spread by direct contact with the blood of an infected person through:







Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person;
Sharing contaminated needles of other injecting equipment;
An infected mother to her baby, either before or during birth or though breastfeeding;
Tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture with unsterilised equipment;
Blood transfusion in countries where blood donations are not screened for BBV’s;
Occupational exposure sharps injuries;
Contact with blood (or in rare cases, other bodily fluids) through open wounds, skin
abrasions, eye/nose/mouth splashes.
The main BBV’s of concern are:

HIV/AIDS
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is spread in the same way as Hepatitis B,
but is less infectious. Most infections are transmitted sexually or by the use of
contaminated needles and syringes, tattoo or ear-piercing equipment contaminated
with infected blood. Between 10-20% of babies born to infected mothers are
themselves infected before birth, at the time of birth or later as a result of breastfeeding, therefore, breast-feeding is not recommended for HIV positive mothers.
HIV is not spread by ordinary social contact, and will not spread in families, schools
or day nurseries. There is an initial self-limiting influenza-like illness. After a period
of several years, patients may develop a long-lasting generalized enlargement of the
lymph glands. Nonspecific illnesses such as fever and night sweats are associated
with progressive immune deficiency. The development of AIDS is characterized by
the appearance of opportunistic infections and tumours.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
6

Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a blood borne viral infection (HBV). The infection is spread through
sexual contact with an infected person, sharing an infected needle, or by blood from
an infected person entering the bloodstream through broken skin or the mucous
membranes (mouth, eyes, and genital area). The latter may occur through a bite
which breaks the skin or if the skin is pierced by an object which has been in contact
with someone else’s body fluids. People infected with the Hepatitis B virus may
become unwell with jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), fever,
abdominal pain, vomiting and joint pain, or more commonly, may show no signs of
the infection. They may remain Infectious for years and are then known as carriers.
Often they are not aware that they are infectious. Some of those infected, develop
serious liver disease. The virus is much more infectious than HIV.

Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood borne virus affecting the liver. HCV is present in
blood and other body fluids and tissues and is spread in the same way as hepatitis B
virus. The symptoms of the onset of Hepatitis C infection can often be vague with loss
of appetite, fatigue, nausea and abdominal pain, or in apparent, with jaundice
occurring less commonly than in Hepatitis B infection. Up to 80% of those infected
may be carriers of the virus and can pass it on to others.
ii
Occupational Risk Areas
In the vast majority of occupations, the risk of acquiring or transmitting blood born viruses
(BBV’s) is extremely low. However, in more specific roles, where there may be contact with
blood/body fluids, there is a risk. Such roles within the college are:






First aid;
Hairdressing and beautician work (includes body piercing);
Some domestic/cleaning roles;
Plumbing;
Security.
Working in prisons
Departmental risk assessment will determine the level of risk and what control measures
need to be in place.
iii
Universal Precautions
Precautions to prevent the risk of transmission of infection from BBV’s should be adopted in
all “at risk” roles within the college. The quality of infection control should be such that in
principle, no extra precautions are required for people known to carry these viruses. There
are 4 main areas of infection control:
1. Hand hygiene:
 Staff/students should always clean their hands before and after each
activity;
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
7

Staff should use correct hand hygiene procedure as described in the policy.
2. Personal Protective equipment (PPE):
 Staff should wear protective equipment appropriate to their activity (i.e.
gloves, aprons, masks, goggles);
 Gloves and aprons should be worn as single-use items.
3. Clean and safe techniques:
 Sterile equipment should be used at all times.
4. Safe disposal or sharps and clinical waste:
 A sharps container should be available at the point of use;
 The person using the sharp must dispose of it themselves;
 Staff should not pass sharps from hand to hand;
 Sharps containers should not be overfilled;
 Clinical waste should be disposed in the correct containers and not in the
general waste.
iv
Additional Guidance for First Aid Team Members
First aiders should adopt the same principles of good infection control as above. However,
in addition to these, the following additional precautions should be taken when dealing with
blood or bodily fluids:

When dealing with an open wound or where blood is present, the first aider should:
o
o
o
o
Wash their hands before and after carrying out first aid treatment;
Always cover their own cuts and abrasions with a waterproof dressing;
Always wear gloves;
Use additional protection (i.e. eye protection, apron) if splashing is likely.

When undertaking mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the first aider should always use a
polythene shield (resusciade) placed over the mouth of the patient. First aiders
should be competent in the use of such items;

When dealing with a body fluid spillage, the first aider should:
o
o
o
o

Wear disposable gloves;
Use absorbent towels to cover the spillage;
Dispose of the soiled items as clinical waste;
Soiled linen should be washed separately in a washing machine on a hot
cycle.
When dealing with a sharps injury (patient of the first aider):
o Encourage the wound to bleed;
o Rinse thoroughly with water;
o Seek medical advice.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
8
Note that there have been, to date, no reported cases of transmission of infection arising
out of the administration of first aid. The only risk of transmission of infection arises if
infected blood or bodily fluids enter the body through breaks in the skin or the surfaces of
the eyes or mouth. With standards precautions in place, as described above, there should
be minimal risk to the first aider.
3.
Waste Disposal
Clinical waste is defined in the Controlled Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2012 as:
a. Any waste which consists wholly or partly of human or animal tissue, blood or other
body fluids, excretions, drugs or other pharmaceutical products, swabs or dressings,
or syringes, needles or other sharp instruments, being waste which unless rendered
safe may prove hazardous to any person coming into contact with it; and
b. Any other waste arising from medical, nursing, dental, veterinary, pharmaceutical or
similar practice, investigation, treatment, care, teaching or research, or the
collection of blood for transfusion, being waste which may cause infection to any
person coming into contact with it.
i.
Principles and guidance for disposal of clinical waste
Waste
Container
Group A
All human tissues including blood;
Waste materials where assessment indicates
a risk to staff handling them, e.g. from
infectious disease cases;
Soiled surgical dressings, gloves, swabs and
soiled contents of first aid hygiene packs.
Notes
Yellow bag.
- Keep separate from all
other waste.
Group B
Discarded syringes, needles, cartridges;
Small items of broken glass;
Other sharp instruments.
Sharps Container.
- Keep separate from all
other waste.
Group C
Microbiological cultures;
Potentially infected waste from laboratories;
Viable genetically modified organisms.
Yellow Sack.
- Autoclave prior to
disposal.
- Keep separate from all
other waste.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
9
Group D
Pharmaceutical and chemical waste.
Group E
Items used to dispose of urine, faeces and
other bodily secretions;
Other bodily secretions assessed as not
falling within Group A.
Perceived (non) Clinical Waste
Discarded syringes, needles, scalpels and
blades used in non-clinical activities;
Other sharp objects not normally associated
with clinical work.
ii
Secure container
e.g. bottles, jars
NOT in a yellow sack
or sharps container
- Disposal as per hazardous
waste guidance.
Yellow Bag
- Keep separate from all
other waste
Sharps Container
- Keep separate from all
other waste
Containment
All Clinical Waste containers should be capable of containing the waste without
spillage or puncture especially during transport and handling.
iii
Clinical Waste Bags




iv
Clinical Waste bags should conform to BS 6642:1985. The sacks should be coloured
opaque yellow and clearly marked with the words “Clinical Waste - For Incineration
Only”;
Sacks should be fitted to sack holders at the place of origin and should be changed
when they are three quarters full. The weight should not exceed 5Kg;
Filled sacks should be effectively sealed either by tying at the neck or with a clinical
waste bag tie;
Clinical Waste should never be placed in black refuse sacks and clinical waste sacks
should not be used for any other purpose.
Sharps Containers


Sharps containers should conform to BS 7320. They should be puncture resistant,
leak proof and capable of being handled and moved whilst in use with minimal
danger of the contents spilling or falling out. The containers should be coloured
yellow and clearly marked with the words “Danger Contaminated Sharps - To Be
Incinerated”.
Sharps containers should be sealed when three quarters full. Sharps containers
should be clearly marked with the place and date of origin, which will act as a point
of reference should there be an accident or incident in the process of disposal.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
10
v
Storage



vi
Clinical waste should be removed from its place of origin for storage prior to
collection. The waste should not be allowed to accumulate in unsuitable places such
as corridors. Bags should be removed when they are three quarters full or before
they exceed 5kg in weight;
Storage areas should be washed down and disinfected weekly and after any
accidental spillage;
A designated storage and collection point will be identified at each site where
appropriate. Clinical waste should be taken directly to this point.
Handling


vii
Clinical Waste bags should be handled with care and by the neck only. Bags should
never be thrown or dropped, as this could result in the bag to split or burst exposing
handlers to contaminated waste;
Sharps in containers must not be pressed down to create room for more.
Spillages
Spillages of blood and bodily fluids should be cleaned using a spillage kit. These are
available through the college Health and Safety Department. The following
procedure should be applied when dealing with a spillage:









4.
Warn persons nearby to avoid contact;
Obtain spillage kit;
Put on disposable apron and gloves;
Slide a new yellow bag over the burst bag;
Using the scoop and spatula, shovel spilled waste into the new bag or, in the case of
sharps, into a new container. DO NOT HANDLE CLINICAL SHARPS;
Thoroughly clean and wipe the area with disinfectant;
Place all used paper disposable protective clothing and equipment into the yellow
bag and tie securely;
Ensure sharps containers are fastened;
Wash hands thoroughly.
College Trips
i. General principles and guidance
Some trips involve activities, which may be associated with a small risk of exposure
to infection, particularly those involving water-based activities. Precautions to be
followed to reduce the risk of infection:
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
11






Swimming in canals and rivers is forbidden, except when undertaken in connection
with prescribed water-based activities at Education; Authority residential centres. At
residential centres, the advice given below should also be followed;
Students and staff engaged in any outdoor activity involving possible contact with
water in rivers, canals, ditches, ponds etc. must ensure that all cuts, scratches and
abrasions are covered with waterproof dressings. Smoking should not be permitted
during or immediately after such activity, and hands should be washed thoroughly
before eating, drinking or smoking. The use of appropriate footwear is
recommended to reduce the risk of cuts to the feet.
To reduce the risk of water contact with the mouth and eyes, unnecessary splashing
should be discouraged. Swallowing water should also be avoided whenever possible;
Exercises such as ‘capsize drill’ and ‘rolling’ should ideally be practiced in swimming
pools and never in stagnant or slow-moving natural bodies of water;
If accidental immersion does occur, the person(s) involved should have a hot bath or
shower as soon as possible. All wet clothing should be dried as soon as possible;
Students and staff should always wash or shower after canoeing or rowing.
Detailed advice regarding trips is available from http://www.education.gov.uk
http://www.rospa.com and/or www.hse.gov.uk .
College guidance is also available from
http://staff.themanchestercollege.ac.uk/document/trips-and-visits-guidelines-andpolicy-staff
5. Exclusion Periods for Communicable Diseases
Disease & Incubation Period
 Bronchiolitis (2-8 days).
 Chickenpox & Shingles
(11-20 days).
 Conjunctivitis (12hrs-3
days).
 Diarrhoea & Vomiting
(D&V);
 Campylobacter;
 Cryptosporidiosis;
 Dysentry;
 E. Coli;
 Food poisoning;
 Gastro enteritis;
 Giardasis ;
 Salmonellosis;
(Few hours - few days – refer
to OHD or HPU for further
advice).
Period When
Infectious
During acute stage of
illness.
1-2 days before & 5
days after rash
develops.
During active
infection.
When having
symptoms of
diarrhoea and
vomiting.
Period of Exclusion
of Infectious Person
Until the person is
well.
5 days after the first
spots appear.
No exclusion if
staff/student is well.
Until D&V has
settled (no D&V in
previous 48 hrs).
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
12
Period of Exclusion of Contacts
None.
If contact is woman in last 3
weeks of pregnancy seek advice
from GP/Obstetrician
None.
None.
 Fifth disease.
Parvovirus
Slapped cheek syndrome.
 Glandular fever (from 4-6
weeks).
 Hand, foot & mouth disease
(3-5 days).
 Head & body lice
(pediculosis) (eggs hatch
between 7-10 days).
Infectious before
onset of rash.
Until the staff/
student feels well.
None.
While virus present
in saliva.
During acute stage of
illness.
As long as eggs or
lice remain alive.
None.
 Hepatitis A (2-6 weeks).
2 weeks before first
symptoms, until 1
week after onset of
jaundice (most
infectious before
jaundice starts).
Not infectious under
normal College
conditions.
During infection.
Until the staff/
student feels well.
Until the staff/
student feels well.
None. Treatment
should start as soon
as condition has
been confirmed.
Until the
staff/student feels
well.
Until the staff/
student feels well.
None.
None.
None.
Not infectious under
normal College
conditions).
As long as septic
spots are discharging
pus.
1 day before first
symptoms until 4
days after onset of
rash.
Clinical cases are
rarely infectious.
None.
None.
Until lesions are
crusted and healed.
None.
Until 5 days from
onset of rash and the
staff/student feels
well.
Until the
staff/student feels
well.
None.
Infectious from 7
days before
symptoms appear to
2-4 weeks after.
As long as rash is
present.
5 days from onset of
swollen glands and
when staff/student
feels well.
None, treatment
needed from GP.
None
Most infectious
before rash appears.
1 week before until 4
days after.
5 days from onset of
rash.
None (if contact is pregnant
woman, seek advice from GP).
 Hepatitis B (6 weeks to 6
months).
 Herpes Simplex (cold sore).
(2-12 days).
 HIV infection (variable).
 Impetigo (4-10 days).
 Measles (7-14 days).
 Meningitis (2-10 days
depending on cause)
 For meningococcal
meningitis, contact HPU).
 Mumps (2-3 weeks average 18 days).
 Ringworm – on body (4 10
days).
Tinea corporis.
 Rubella (2-3 weeks).
German Measles.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
13
None.
None.
None (household contacts
should seek advice from their
GP).
None (household contacts may
be given antibiotic treatment).
None.
 Scabies (1 day to 6 weeks
depending on previous
exposure).
 Scarlet fever (12 hours – 5
days).
Until mites and eggs
are destroyed by
treatment.
Prolonged in
untreated cases.
 Streptococcal infection (12
hours – 5 days).
 Threadworms (2-6 weeks
for life cycle to complete).
Prolonged in
untreated cases.
As long as eggs are
shed in faeces.
 Tuberculosis (4-16 weeks).
TB.
 Verrucae (2-3 months).
Plantar Warts.
As long as sputum
contains the
bacteria.
As long as wart is
present.
 Whooping cough (5-21
days).
Pertussis.
2 weeks. If treated
with antibiotics, this
may be reduced.
Until day after
treatment.
5 days from
commencing
antibiotics None.
None.
None (household contacts
should be treated at the same
time).
None.
None but
staff/student should
be treated.
Health protection
team will advice on
action.
None.
None (household contacts
should be treated at the same
time).
None (close contacts may need
screening).
Until 5 days after
commencing
antibiotic treatment.
Otherwise 3 weeks.
None.
None.
For further information, contact the college H&S Dept 0n 0161 920 3359 or:
Community Infection Control Team – 0161 946 8242
Health Protection Agency – 0844 225 1295 pressing option 1 then option 3 for local office.
6. PROCEDURES / GUIDELINES:
The Manchester College - Health and safety Arrangements: Blood Borne Viruses
HSE Publication - Blood Borne Viruses in the Workplace
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg342.pdf
7. RELATED POLICIES:
The Manchester College Health and Safety Policy
Occupational Health Policy
Health and Wellbeing Policy
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
14
8. Useful Web Addresses:
http://www.education.gov.uk
www.hse.gov.uk
http://www.rospa.com
www.hpa.org.uk/infections/default.htm
www.nice.org.uk
www.dh.gov.uk
9. APPENDICES:
Appendix 1 – Examples of Bacteria Which Cause Infection.
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
15
Appendix 1
Examples of Bacteria Which Cause Infection
Name
Source
Means of Infection
Symptoms
 Campylobacter
 Poultry;
 Meat;
 Un-pasteurised
milk;
 Untreated water.
 Eating
contaminated
foods;
 Cross
contamination.
 Diarrhoea;
 Abdominal cramps.
 Clostridium
Perfringens
 Multi-products;
Meats;
 Soil;
 Human intestines.
 Diarrhoea;
 Abdominal cramps.
 Salmonella
 Unpasteurised milk;
 Eggs;
 Meat;
 Poultry.
 Listeria
 The environment as
a whole;
 Soft cheese and
pates;
 Many other foods.
 Eating
contaminated
foods;
 Cross
contamination.
 Eating
contaminated
foods;
 Cross
contamination;
 Direct contact
with infected
human.
 Eating
contaminated
foods.
 E. coli – only
certain strains;
many strains
are harmless.
 Beef;
 Unpasteurised
milk;
 Animal faeces.
 Direct contact
with infected
animals or humans
or land (from
animal faeces).
Policy Title: Infection Control Policy
Author: Louise Burke
Last Modified: 07/05/2017
16
Safety
precautions
 Thorough
cooking;
 Good
catering
practice;
 Good
personal
hygiene.
As above.
 Vomiting;
 Diarrhoea;
 Additional illness
depending on strain,
e.g. lung infection.
As above,
testing for
human carriers.
 Principally affects the
vulnerable and pregnant
women. Complications
with foetus.
 Vulnerable
avoiding listed
products;
 Good catering
and personal
hygiene.
 Thorough
cooking;
 Good catering
and personal
hygiene
practices;
 Avoid areas
where animal
faeces are
likely, e.g.
camping.
 Bloody diarrhoea;
 Abdominal cramps;
 Complications leading to
kidney/ anaemia/
neurological problems,
death.