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Product: P6 EXTREME Raw Ingredients: Ovine Placental Powder (Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin, eCG) Tribulus terrestris (Protodioscin) Βeta-sitosterol Cimicifuga racemosa (Triterpene Glycosides) Agaricus bisporus Eurycoma longifolia 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran Dihydroxy Diosgenin Sclareolide Analysis of Compounds: Ovine Placental Powder: Key Action: Ovine Placental Powder increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. It activates Leydig cell steroidogenesis via LH. Physiological Mechanism: Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG), produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta, functions the same way in the human body as Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone directly activates the secretion of LH from the pituitary gland. LH then signals for Leydig cell steroidogenesis in the testes and causes a noticeable increase in serum testosterone levels. Tribulus terrestris (Protodioscin): Key Action: Protodioscin increases testosterone levels via multiple pathways. Physiological Mechanism: Protodioscin is an active steroidal saponin of the plant T. terrestris and has been shown to be a potent, sexually stimulating chemical; it has also been shown to increase body weight as well as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. It has certain androgenic activity, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. One possible mechanism is that the saponin is converted directly into DHEA due to its structural similarity to male sex steroids. Protodioscin could possibly undergo many biotransformations via enzymatic activity. Βeta-sitosterol: Key Action: Beta-sitosterol is an inhibitor of 5-alpha reductase. It decreases the conversion of androgens into DHT and aids in the avoidance of the undesirable side effects of excessive DHT levels. Physiological Mechanism: The 5-alpha reductase enzyme is responsible for the conversion of most androgens into DHT. Beta-sitosterol is a phytosterol (plant steroid) that closely resembles the portion of androgens that binds to the 5-alpha reductase enzyme. The Beta-sitosterol molecule itself also has a high affinity for the 5alpha reductase enzyme, which allows Beta-sitosterol to sequester and inhibit 5-alpha reductase from converting androgens into DHT. C. racemosa (Triterpene Glycosides): Key Action: Triterpene Glycosides inhibit cytochrome P450 3A enzymes. They enhance the absorption of drug-like compounds and prevent their breakdown in the liver. Physiological Mechanism: During the inhibition of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes, triterpene glycosides lose their glycoside portion due to cleavage, then the remaining triterpene moiety, which is structurally similar to certain fatty acids, folds in upon itself to form a tetracyclic ring that resembles the structure of a steroid. This newly formed compound is then able to act as a decoy for the CYP3A4 enzymes, enabling the enhanced absorption of drug-like substances. Agaricus bisporus: Key Action: A. bisporus is comprised of a non-competitive aromatase inhibitor that elicits a mutagenic effect on the aromatase enzyme and prevents it from functioning. Physiological Mechanism: The combination of the active components of A. bisporus has a mutagenic effect on the aromatase enzyme. Upon binding with the enzyme, these components cause the cleavage of certain amino acids that make up the aromatase protein, disabling it from converting androgens into estradiol. Eurycoma longifolia (Eurypeptides): Key Action: Eurypeptides increase testosterone, male virility, and frequency of arousal. Physiological Mechanism: Although the mechanism of action of the Eurypeptides is still unknown and is a current focus of study, some authors have demonstrated that supplementation with E. longifolia slightly increased testosterone levels. This finding is likely due to a proportional decrease in the activity of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) that binds testosterone. In addition, DHEA levels were markedly increased. The results of these experiments definitely show a correlation between the activity of eurypeptides and testosterone levels, although the exact mechanism is not yet known. 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (3,4-divanillyl THF): Key Action: 3,4-divanillyl THF inhibits SHBG. Physiological Mechanism: SHBG is a protein that is responsible for the rate-limiting transport of androgens into the cell. Inhibition of this protein causes an increase in the frequency of androgens that enter the cell. Although SHBG aids the transport of androgens into the cell, androgens can enter the cell independently, due to their small molecular size and lypophilic nature that helps them permeate the cell membrane. 3,4-divanillyl THF actively inhibits SHBG, therefore increasing the rate at which androgens enter the cell and activate metabolic transcription factors. Dihydroxy Diosgenin: Key Action: Dihydroxy Diosgenin is a phytosterol that regulates cholesterol levels. Physiological Mechanism: Dihydroxy Diosgenin acts by inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol into the liver. It also decreases cholesterol synthesis in both the liver and intestines. As the absorption of cholesterol is compromised in the presence of Dihydroxy Diosgenin, there is a subsequent, significant decrease in the levels of both HDL and LDL. This decrease in cholesterol absorption also leads to an increase in the excretion of cholesterol in the feces. Sclareolide: Key Action: Sclareolide increases cyclic AMP levels and increases ATP synthesis. Physiological Mechanism: Sclareolide activates cell membrane-bound G proteins that lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, converting cellular ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This immediate, high concentration of cAMP causes a sudden surge in cellular ATP levels, causing a dramatic increase in energy.