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Anatomy Notes Name___________________ Date___________Hour_____ Muscular System Muscle Fibers = muscle cells; long thin cells Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm of muscle cells Myo, mys & sarco all refer to muscles Types of Muscle Skeletal Muscle – form skeletal muscles, attach to bones &/or connective tissue Cylindrical, multinucleated cells; nuclei are at the edge of the cell Striated Longest muscles fibers Voluntary control but can be activated by reflexes Fast and forceful contractions but can not continue for extended periods of time Cardiac Muscle – form walls of the heart Branched chains of cells; Uninucleated Striated Involuntary control by nervous system, pacemaker & hormones Slow rhythmic contractions Muscle fibers join at Intercalated Discs Smooth Muscle – walls of hollow organs and blood vessels Spindle shape; Uninucleated No striations Involuntary control by nervous system, hormones, chemicals & stretch receptors Very slow contractions, sometimes rhythmic Organization of Muscles Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber – a muscle cell Endomysium – delicate connective tissue sheath around muscle fibers Fascicle – a bundle of muscle fibers Perimysium – collagen containing sheath that wraps around a fascicle Muscle – a bundle of fascicles; a skeletal muscle Epimysium – dense connective tissue that wraps around a muscle Tendons – connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones Aponeuroses – sheets of connective tissue that attach muscles to other muscles or indirectly to bones Cardiac Muscle – arranged in spiral or figure-8 bundles Smooth Muscle – arranged in sheets or layers Circular Layer Longitudinal Layer Muscle Functions Producing Movement – moves bones of skeletal system, moves food through digestive system, moves blood through the cardiovascular system, moves urine through urinary system Maintaining Posture Stabilizing Joints – keep bones in joints during movement Generating Heat – muscles use ATP to contract; muscle cells have many mitochondria; a byproduct of cellular respiration is heat (Not all of the energy released during cellular respiration is trapped as ATP.)
