Download Adrenal gland

Endocrine
System
李立仁 副教授
解剖學暨細胞生物學科
基醫大樓六樓 617室
[email protected]
Endocrine glands
- Ductless
- Rich vascular supply
- Fenestrated capillaries
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Pituitary gland
www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hypopit/sagpitbig.jpg
www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hy
popit/sagpitbig.jpg
Glandular epithelial tissue
(anterior lobe, adenohypophysis)
Pituitary gland
www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../hy
popit/sagpitbig.jpg
Neural secretary tissue
(posterior lobe, neurohypophysis)
Pituitary gland
Development
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Blood supply
Hypothalamic neurons
Nerve ending in median
eminence
primary capillary
network
Hypothalmohypophyseal portal
circulation (portal vein)
Secondary capillary
network in
adenohypophysis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Three subdivisions:
Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis (pars infundibularis)
Secret:
Growth hormone (somatotropes)
Prolactin (lacto/mammotropes)
ACTH (corticotropes)
FSH, LH (gonadotropes)
TSH (thyrotropes)
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Cell Cord / sinusoids (capillaries)
Chromophils ( ) and Chromophobes ( )
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Classification of cell types
Histochemical features:
Basophils (15%), acidophils (35%) and
chromophobes (50%), or periodic-acid-Schiff
reagent (PAS) for glycoproteins
Immunocytochemical features:
Specific antibody to each hormone or key molecule
EM features:
Size/shape of granules, cell shape, organelles,
nuclear features
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
HE: acidophils (red), basophils (blue), chromophobes
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Cell types
Acidophils (35%):
Somatotrope (GH),
Lactotrope/Mammotrope (prolactin, PRL)
Basophils (15%):
Corticotropes (ACTH),
Gonadotrope (FSH, LH),
Thyrotrope (TSH),
Chromophobes (50%):
Cells without secretory granules (follicular cells,
stellate cells) and/or degranulated cells
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Immunohistochemistry
Cells in the sections
Rabbit anti-LH Ab
Peroxidase-goat
anti-rabbit IgG
Substrate reaction
Immunohistochemistry for LH
Pars Distalis
Somatotropes
Acidophilic
Densely packed granules (350 nm)
Produce growth hormone (somatotropin)
Enhance body growth
- dwarfism
- gigantism
- acromegaly
Stimulated by exercise
17-14
Pars Distalis
Lactotropes
Acidophilic
Small granules (200 nm) at rest and
enlarged (600 nm) during pregnancy
and lactation
Produce prolactin
Promote mammary
development and
lactation
17-15
Pars Distalis
Corticotrope
Basophilc
Granules of variable size (100-300 nm)
Produce ACTH and related peptides
17-16
Pars Distalis
Gonadotrope
Basophilc
Granules of intermediate size (200-250 nm)
and varied electron density
Produce follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone
(LH)
17-17
Pars Distalis
Thyrotropes
Basophilc
Small granules (<150 nm)
Produce thyroidstimulating hormone
Stimulates thyroid functions
Feedback regulated by
thyroid function
17-18
Pars Distalis
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pars Intermedia
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Intermediate lobe
Contains basophils and chromophobes
Basophils extend into pars nervosa
Unclear function in humans
Isamine blue/eosin
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pars tuberalis
Highly vascular
Clusters of basophils (ACTH, LH, FSH)
www.vivo.colostate.edu/.../pitgranules.jpg
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Three subdivisions:
Median eminence
Infundibular stem
Pars nervosa
Secret:
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)
17-22
Pars nervosa
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pituicytes (neuroglial cells):
irregular cell shape with many branches,
oval nucleus, possess glial fibrillar acidic
protein (GFAP) intermediate filaments
Unmyelinated nerve fibers
Axons containing neurosecretory granules
Fenestrated capillaries
Fibroblasts, mast cells
Pars nervosa
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Nerve fibers
Pituicytes
Neurosecretory
granules
Axons from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei form the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
Neurosecretory granules (Herring bodies) contain oxytocin,
vasopressin (ADH), and carrier proteins.
Pars nervosa
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pituicytes
Secretions are released to fenestrated capillary ( )
via exocytosis.
Oxytocin and ADH neurons
Pars nervosa
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Herring bodies
The dilated portions of the
axons due to the accumulation
of secretory granules.
Pars nervosa
Fenestrated capillary
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Also called epiphysis or
the "third eye"
Covered by pia mater (CT))
Septa----lobulation----lobules
Parenchyma
1. Pinealocytes
2. Glial cells (interstitial cells)
3. Brain sand (corpora arenacea)
Pineal gland
H&E
Pineal gland
Cell types
Pinealocytes:
95% cell ratio, large pale cells with well
developed rER, sER, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, expanded, club-like (bulbous)
ending associated with capillaries
Neuroglial cells (interstitial cells):
5% cell ratio, dark stellate cells with long cell
processes
Pineal gland
Pinealocytes have
bulbous expansions
Pineal gland
Brain sand (corpora arenacea)
Recognizable in childhood
and increase in number
with age
X-ray opaque, as midline
marker in radiograpophic
and computer
tomography studies
Precipitations of calcium
phosphates and
carbonates on carrier
proteins
Goals of this class
1. Understand the differences between endocrine and
exocrine glands.
2. Recognize sinusoids and cell cords in the anterior
pituitary gland.
3. Indentify acidophils, basophils and chromophobes in
H&E stained sections of ant. p-gland.
4. Appreciate the cytoarchetecture of the post. p-gland.
5. Know the features of herring bodies in post. p-gland.
6. Comprehend the histological organization of the
pineal gland.
Thyroid gland
Capsule - septa - lobules
Thyroid follicles
Follicular lumen containing colloids
(thyroglobulin/T3, T4)
Parafollicular cells (C cells):
Calcitonin, lowers circulating Ca2+ levels
Fenestrated capillaries
Thyroid gland
Lobulation
Thyroid gland
Follicles
Capillary network around the follicles
Thyroid gland
Follicular cells
Synthesis and Secretion of T3 and T4
Thyroglobulin/rER
Iodine peroxidation
Iodinated thyroglobulin
stored in the follicular
lumen
Endocytosis
Lysosomal action
Release of T3, T4 into
blood capillaries
Follicular cells
Thyroid gland
Inactive
Active
Thyroid gland
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
Thyroid gland
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
Calcitonin – lowering by Ca2+ levels by stimulating
osteoblasts to take Ca2+ out of the circulation and
inhibiting the bone resorption by osteoclasts.
instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/.../hrendo7.jpg
Parathyroid gland
Capsule - septa - anastomosing cell cords
Principal (chief) cells:
Product PTH that elevates blood Ca2+ level
Oxyphil cells:
large cells with many mitochondria
(esoinophilia)
Parathyroid gland
http://www.nku.edu/~dempseyd/THE_ENDOCRINE5.htm
17-45
Parathyroid gland
Principal (chief) cells
Oxyphil cells
Oxyphil cells
17-46
Principle (chief)
cells
Oxyphil cells
pathology.mc.duke.edu
Principal (chief) cells Parathyroid gland
Principal (chief) cells
Parathyroid gland
PTH -- elevates blood Ca2+ level by promoting Ca2+
release from bone (activate osteoclasts) and Ca2+
reabsorption from kidney and intestine.
instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/.../hrendo7.jpg
Principal (chief) cells
Parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cells
Parathyroid gland
Goals of this class
1. Note the cytoarchetecture of the thyroid
and parathyroid glands.
2. Identify follicular and parafollicular cells
in the thyroid gland
3. Characterize chief cells and oxyphil cells
in H&E stained sections of parathyroid
gland.
17-51
Adrenal gland
Blood supply
Cortex
Zona glomerulosa (15%)
Zona fasculata (80%)
Zona reticularis (5%)
Medulla
Chromaffin cells
Ganglion cells
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland
Blood circulation
Suprarenal arteries
Subcapsular plexus
Short cortical
arterioles
Cortical sinusoidal
system
Sinusoidal system in
medulla
Central vein
Adrenal gland
Blood circulation
Suprarenal arteries
Subcapsular plexus
Long cortical arterioles
Capillary networks in
medulla
Central vein
Cortex
Adrenal gland
Zona glomerulosa
Upper zone
Columnar cells arranged as balls
Acidophilic cytoplasm:
sER, mitochondria with
tubular cristae
Secrete mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone)
Cortex
Steroidogenic cells
Mitochondria with
tubular cristae
Adrenal gland
Cortex
Adrenal gland
Zona fasciculata
Cells arranged into long
straight columns
Secrete glucocorticoids
Spongiocytes
Cytoplasm containing many
mitochondria, sER and lipid
droplets
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal gland
Spongiocytes in zona fasciculata
Reticular fiber staining
Zona fasciculata
Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Zona reticularis
Cell cords in anastomosing
network (anatomosing
sinusoids)
Secrete glucocorticoids and
androgens
Acidophilic cytoplasm:
Lipid droplets, mitochondria, rER,
lipofuscin (lipofuchsin) pigments
Zona reticularis
Adrenal gland
Development
Adrenal gland
Fetal adrenal gland
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Cell types
Glandular (chromaffin) cells:
Modified postganglionic neurons
Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic
fibers
Contain catecholamine granules reacted
with chrome solution --- brown granules
Fenestrated capillaries
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Zona reticularis
Chromaffin cells
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Chromaffin cells
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Chromaffin cells
Medulla
Ganglionic cells
Adrenal gland
Postganglionic neurons that innervate blood vessels
Medulla
Adrenal gland
Ganglionic cells
reference.findtarget.com
Adrenal gland
Goals of this class
1. Know the origins adrenal cortex and medulla.
2. Discern the pathways of blood supply in the
adrenal gland.
3. Know the features of steroidogenic cells.
4. Identify the cortex and medulla of adrenal
gland based on their histological characteristics.
5. Recognize the zones in adrenal cortex.
6. Distinguish the cell types in the adrenal
medulla.