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Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Objectives • Describe the Southern Forest. • Discuss the demographics and social conditions of the Southern United States. Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Outline • The South – – – – Area Social Conditions Economy Potential Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Outline • The Southern Forest – – – – – Ownership Forest Types Physiography Climate Soils Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Area of the South •13 States •Alabama •Arkansas •Georgia •Florida •Kentucky •Mississippi •Oklahoma •Tennessee •Virginia •Louisiana •North Carolina •South Carolina •Texas Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Social Conditions • 95 million people – Approximately 25% rural • Rural area – 60% of counties, parishes Source: Economic Research Service, 2004 Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Social Conditions • Median income = less than average • High unemployment • High poverty • Less than average education level Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1999 Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Economy • Forestry in the South provides: – – – – $83 billion in output value 60% of US timber supply 1/3 of wood products jobs 6% of Southern jobs are in wood products Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource The Southern Forest • 214 million acres of forest land – 201 million timberland – 13 million reserved and other forest land Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Biomass Potential •Hard to measure •Dependent on forest characteristics and management •Not all available biomass is economically recoverable •Forest Inventory Analysis Data •http://srsfia2.fs.fed.us/ Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Biomass Potential Forestland (mil acres) Alabama Logging Residues (mil dry tons) Processing Residues (mil dry tons) Urban Wood Waste (mil dry tons) 23 2.7 2.05 0.48 Florida 16.5 1.3 0.75 1.68 Georgia 24.7 3.5 2.1 0.92 12 1.2 0.46 0.45 Mississippi 19.8 3.6 1.98 0.31 North Carolina 18.7 2.3 1.57 0.83 South Carolina 12.4 1.6 0.84 0.46 Tennessee 14.4 0.76 0.62 0.61 Virginia 15.8 1.7 0.87 0.81 Arkansas 18.7 2.03 1.63 0.31 Louisiana 13.8 3.01 1.38 0.47 Oklahoma 7.7 0.66 0.25 0.37 11.9 1.4 1.46 2.31 209.4 25.76 15.96 10.01 Kentucky Texas Region Total Table 1. Wood-related biomass sources in the South Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Bioenergy Potential • IF trees and sawmill residues being used to produce wood pulp were converted to ethanol • THEN 6.5 billion gallons of transportation fuel would be added to the nation’s supply – This would fuel approximately 11 million vehicles for 1 year. (Based on average consumption of 600 gallons/year, EIA 2005) Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Bioenergy Potential • IF the difference between peak harvest (200 million green tons) and the current harvesting rate (162 million green tons) • THEN 1.5 billion gallons of ethanol would be produced – This would fuel approximately 2.5 million vehicles for 1 year. (Based on average consumption of 600 gallons/year, EIA 2005) Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Bioenergy Potential •40 million dry tons of recoverable logging residues in the US •Approximately 20 million dry tons in the South •Each Southern state could produce at least 100 MW of electricity using logging residues Capacity (MW) Source: Gan and Smith 2006 Operational power/electricity capacity from logging residues by state Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource 300or above(9) 200to 299 (7) 100 to 199 (12) 50 to 99 (4) 0 to 49 (18) Ownership • 69% - Non-industrial private individuals • 20% - Forest industry • 11% - Public timberland – 6% - National forest – 5% - Other public lands Source: Wear and Greis, 2002 Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Forest Types • • • • • Planted Pine Natural Pine Mixed Oak-Pine Upland Hardwood Lowland Hardwood Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Planted Pine • 30 million acres • Artificially regenerated Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Natural Pine • 34 million acres • Naturally regenerated Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Mixed Oak-Pine • 30 million acres • Majority are upland oaks • Pines make up 2550% of stocking Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Upland Hardwoods • 75 million acres • Classed as: – Oak-Hickory – Maple-BeechBirch Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Lowland Hardwoods • 30 million acres • Classed as: – – – – Oak-Gum-Cypress Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Palm Other tropicals Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Physiography • 7 regions – – – – Coastal Plain Piedmont Province Blue Ridge Province Ridge and Valley Province – Appalachian Plateaus – Interior Low Plateaus – Interior Highlands Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Coastal Plain • West Gulf Coastal Plain • East Gulf Coastal Plain • Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain • Atlantic Coastal Plain • Florida Peninsula Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Piedmont Province • Eastern foothills of the Appalachians • Elevations from 300-1200 feet • Rolling hills, valleys, isolated rock features Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Blue Ridge Province • Southern Appalachians to Georgia • Elevations from 10004000 feet • Most rugged topography east of the Rocky Mountains • Prized for isolation Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Ridge and Valley Province • Between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachian Plateaus • 50-75 miles in width • Valleys dominated by agriculture Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Appalachian Plateaus • Uplifts within the Southern Appalachian Mountains • Elevations from 500-1000 feet Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Interior Low Plateaus • West of the Appalachian Plateaus, parallel to the Appalachians • Basins created by erosion Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Interior Highlands • Arkansas and Oklahoma • Ozark Plateaus – Elevations from 2200 feet • Ouachita Province – Elevations from below 1000-2600 feet Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Climate • Humid subtropical climate • Growing season > 180 days • Precipitation averages 40-60 inches annually • Can suffer “dry spells” Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Soils • Primary Southern soils – – – – Alfisols Ultisols Inceptisols Vertisols • Minor soils – Histosols, Entisols, Mollisols, Spodosols Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Alfisols • Western areas of Southern forests • Well-developed, strongly weathered • Under native deciduous forests • Highly fertile Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Inceptisols • Eastern regions of Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia • Young soils at beginning of development • Located on steep slopes, young geomorphic formations, and resistant parent materials Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Ultisols • Dominant soil in the Southern forest • Red clay soils • Formed under forest canopy • Acidic in nature • Productive under good management Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Vertisols • Eastern Mississippi, Western Alabama, Texas • Shrink-swell soils • 50-75% clay content Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Conclusions • The Southern forest can be a source of a large renewable energy supply. • Physiographic conditions throughout the South are ideal for producing biomass for bioenergy. Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Photo Credits Slide 5: Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Slide 9: Wear and Greis, U. S. Forest Service Southern Research Station Slide 14: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University Slide 15: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University Slide 16: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University Slide 17: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University Slide 18: Chris Evans, University of Georgia, forestryimages.com Slide 19: Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Photo Credits Slide 20: Slide 21: Slide 22: Slide 23: Slide 24: Slide 25: Slide 26: Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M University Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource Photo Credits Slide 29: USDA, NRCS Slide 30: USDA, NRCS Slide 31: USDA, NRCS Slide 32: USDA, NRCS Module 2: The Southern Bioenergy Resource