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Changing UK Economy Revision Booklet
From 1-5 rank how confident you are for each question. 5 = very
confident.
CHANGING UK ECONOMY
I can explain why employment within the UK changed
from secondary jobs to tertiary jobs with reference to
globalisation and outsourcing.
I can explain changes in the secondary and tertiary
sectors in the North-East and South East of England.
I can explain why wages are higher in the SE than NE.
I can describe the different types of employment.
I can explain the environmental impacts of
deindustrialisation in Newcastle.
I can explain how the economy in Newcastle has
'diversified'.
I can explain the positive and negative impacts of
developing greenfield sites and give an example.
I can explain the positive and negative impacts of
developing brownfield sites and give an example.
I can describe how the three areas of possible future
growth for the UK's economy (The digital economy,
education and research and green employment).
I can explain how people might work differently in the
future.
Before
After
Employment Sectors
You need to be aware about the last 50 years onwards only.
Primary
Secondary Sector
Industry
which has
decreased
Industry
which has
increased
Key Points: Domino effect, out-sourcing / off-shoring, globalisation,
containerisation, TNCs.
Tertiary
Examine reasons for the changes in primary, secondary and tertiary employment in
the UK (8 marks). [Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
What is:
A footloose industry?
The new economy?
Changing Employment Patterns and Regional Differences
Types:
Permanent: A job with no end date.
Temporary: A job with an end date.
Full time: When someone works more than 35 hours
Part time: When someone works less than 35 hours
Change since 1960
Total
Workforce
Average
wages
Women in the
workforce
Part-time jobs
Working
hours
Increased by
__________
to 27million
Why
Despite the UK's population growing 10
million in this time period, the total work
force only grew by 3 million.
This is because young people are staying
in education for longer and there are more
elderly people who aren't or unable to
work.
The decline in unskilled and skilled manual
Doubled to ________
jobs and rise in (academically) skilled jobs
a week.
has lead to increased wages.
In 1960, women only received 20% of
university degrees, today it is up to over
Increased by 14% to 50%. Women are focusing more on their
___________
careers, being more independent, deciding
to marry later on in life and have fewer
children.
The 1960s workforce wasn't as flexible as
Increased by 20% to
it is today. Part-time work also suits people
___________
with families more than full-time work.
Decreased by 4 hours to More people are working part-time or
________hrs per week. working at home.
North-east
Average worker
age
Weekly earnings
Unemployment
Main employment
sector 1960's
Main employment
sector 2010
South-east
42
34
£455
10.3%
Coal mining, ship building,
iron and steel production. 1/4
of all jobs are in public service
e.g. NHS.
Manufacturing (Nissan), call
centres (EE) because wages
are 40% cheaper than
London.
£613
6%
Dockland (imports and
exports), manufacturing (e.g.
cars, buses).
Banking, biotechnology, legal.
Suggest why the south-east economy has more banking, office based and hi-tech
industry than the north-east economy.
What is:
A greenfield site?
A brownfield site?
Regeneration?
Impacts of industry developments
Costs of developing greenfield sites
Benefits of developing greenfield
sites
Costs of developing brownfield sites
Benefits of developing brownfield
sites
“Using examples, compare the benefits of brownfield and greenfield urban
development” (8) [Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
De-industrialisation and the environment
The closure of the industry has led to both positive and negative environmental
impacts.
Positive
Negative
Water Quality
With fewer heavy metals from industries
such as ship building, and less industrial
waste and coal dust from the mines,
going into the River Tyne the water
quality, especially oxygen levels, has
improved massively. This means fish
have returned to the river – 30 000
salmon are estimated to spawn there
now.
Air Quality
With much less coal being burnt in
industries such as ship building the
amount of soot and sulphur dioxide in the
air has decreased improving local air
quality. This has led to fewer respiratory
problems for people e.g. bronchitis.
Derelict land
Land that was used for factories and ship
building became derelict. All along the
Tyne warehouses and factories closed
and were abandoned to decay. This is
important because land was often
polluted with heavy metals so was
expensive to re-use.
Regeneration / Brownfield sites
Many derelict, brownfield sites,
especially along the river in the centre of
Newcastle have been regenerated. E.g.
the old Baltic Flour Mill which is now an
art gallery. This is important because
new jobs have been created in the
tertiary sector.
Greenfield Sites
Some new hi-tech computer industries in
the quaternary sector e.g. Virgin Money,
have located on the edge of Newcastle
on a greenfield site as it is cheaper and
more pleasant for their workers. This
places pressure on natural habitats and
farmland. This has led to urban sprawl.
Traffic
With more jobs spread around the city
commuter traffic congestion has
increased. This has led to more nitrous
oxide being produced by cars.
2015 question:
For a named urban area, examine the environmental impacts of de-industrialisation
and economic diversification. (8)
How has Newcastle diversified?
1. Old industrial sites previously used for ship building, warehouses, factories
and mills have been cleaned up and redeveloped.
2. New office space has been created along with urban living warehouse
apartments. Meaning a mixed use area.
3. The Baltic Four Mill (derelict in 1980s) has been made into a famous art
gallery attracting tourists and creating jobs.
4. Millennium Bridge was built to link the different sides of the Tyne and created
an architectural attraction.
5. Lots of new public space created, especially along the quayside.
6. New night time economy of outdoor bars and restaurants to create a much
safer and busy place. Changed image from one of dereliction, vandalism and
crime.
The future
What will happen next?
Example
Digital
economy
Education
and
research
Online shopping,
banking, creating apps.
Research in medicine,
GMO crops, aerospace
and defence
Future
Environment
management? e.g.
traffic flow, flood
warnings. Use of
Skype to see Dr?
Work from home
remotely?
Need to increase
access to
universities.
Research ongoing.
Green
employment
Designing green,
energy efficient,
sustainable buildings.
Eco-tourism.
Renewable goods.
Energy needs?
New materials?
Impact
IT companies worth
£100 billion to UK
economy. and 10%
of our GDP.
% of people going to
Uni doubled to 40%
between 1995 and
2008. In 2012 ten
colleges became
Uni's.
Green goods and
services worth £350
billion in 2010.
Who will do the work?
Migrants. In 2012 580 jobs a day went to migrants, this meets skills shortages and
balances the UK's ageing population as many migrants are young and skilled.
Many companies would rather recruit ready trained foreign works than train UK
youngsters themselves as it is cheaper.
UK employers use migrants to fill shortages in jobs that are hard to fill for example
labourers, skilled trades, accountancy, doctors and nurses. Equally young graduates
from the UK migrate to Australia and the EU to fill shortages elsewhere.
In Finland 80% of young people go to university. What are the costs and benefits of
the UK aiming for the same %?
Costs
Benefits
Outline 2 areas where economic growth might take place in the UK. (8)
[Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
Read P234-235 / What kind of world 2.
Additional Questions
Q1,2 and 3 are worth giving a go at home! (it hasn't been in any recent exams)