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Interdependence
Among living
Organisms and the
environment
Interaction
Between
Living
organisms
ecosystem
population
Predatorprey
communities
Biological
control
Lion and
deer
Food
chain
Pyramid
Of
numbers
photosynthesis
Feeding
Relationships
And the flow
Of energy
Carbon dioxide
Light
Water
chlorophyll
symbiosis
competition
Food web
commensalism
parasitism
mutualism
Human
activities
Tree and
fern
A tree and
A mistletoe
Hermit crab
And sea
anemone
Agriculture
industry
1. Prey-Predator
2. Symbiosis
2.1. Commensalism
2.2. Mutualism
2.3. Parasitism
3. Competition
2.1
Commensalism
2.Symbiosis
1.Prey Predator
2.2
Mutualism
Interaction
Between Living
Organism
3. Competition
2.3
Parasitism
Predator:
Prey:
A living
organism that
hunts other
living organism
for food
A living
organism that
is hunted by
predators
Prey - Predator
Example 2:
Example:
Cat (predator)
eats mouse
(prey)
Lion
(predator)
eats
deer(prey)
Prey-predator
Lion eat deer
Cat eat mouse
APKBS4 2011
APKBS4 2011
2.1. Commensalism
2.2. Mutualism
2.3. Parasitism
Meaning:
is an interaction between two different
organisms where only one organisms
benefits from the relationship. The
other organisms is neither helped nor
harmed.
The organisms which
benefits in
commensalism is
called the commensal.
The organisms which
is not affectedis called
the host.
Commensalism
Example:
Sea anemone (the host) uses
poisonous to protect the clown fish(the
commensal) from its predators . The
sea anemone is neither helped nor
harmed by the clown fish
Example:
The remora fish(the
commensal) feeds on food
scattered by the shark(the
host) . The shark neither
helped nor harmed by the
clown fish
commensalism
Sea anemone with clown fish
Remora fish with shark
Meaning:
An interaction that
benefits both
organism
Mutualism
Example:
Sea anemone obtains food and
transport from the hermit crab
whereas hermit crab is protected from
its predators by the poisonous
tentacles of the sea anemone
Example 2:
The fungus and the green algae live
together in a lichen . The fungus provides
water , protection and nutrients to the
algae whereas the algae provides the
fungus with food produced during
photosynthesis
mutualism
lichen on Corylus
Sea anemone with hermit crab
Mynah and buffalo
Meaning:
An interaction in which one
organism (the parasite)
benefits but the others
organism(the host) is harmed
Example 2:
Ticks and lice (parasite) live on
the on the skin of mammals
(hosts) and suck their blood .
Parasitism
Example:
The tapeworm(the parasite) in the
human’s intestine(the host) feeds on
nutrients in the human’s blood
whereas the human may suffer from
abdominal pain , bloatin and
diarrhoea
parasitism
The tapeworm in the small intestine
The ticks
Meaning:
Competition takes place when
organisms living in the same habitat
compete to obtain common need
such as shelter , water , mate ,
minerals ,food or light
Competition become
stronger when the
common needs in
ecosystem are limited
Competition
Intra-specific competition is
the competition between
organisms of the same
species , such as wolves
compete for meat .
Inter-specific competition
is the competition
between organisms of
different species , such as
crows and wolves compete
for meats
PKBS 4 2011
competetion
Deers compete for mate
Biological control agent
Pests controlled
Owl
Rat
Dung beetle
Bushfly, buffalo fly
•Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticides. Some of them are
1.does not pollute the environment
2.does not kill other pests because natural enemies are used is cheap and safe to use
PMR 08
PMR
PMR
PMR
PMR
PMR
PMR
05 – Smoking is dangerous to human health.
06 – suggest one way in which egg could be to float
07 – apakah kegunaan ubat gigi
08 – nak tentukan ketulinan air
09 – mengapa ikan gapi diletakkan didalam longkang
2010 – mengapa ikan paus perlu kerap timbul
dipermukaan air
Terengganu 2011

Producers, Consumers and Decomposers





Producers are all green plants that make food
through photosynthesis.
Consumers are animals that eat plants or other
animals.
Decomposers are organisms that decompose
dead organisms (animals or plants) and change
them into simple substances. Examples of
decomposers are bacteria and fungi.


A food web consists of several food
chains that are interlinked.
The organisms in a food web interact
with each other.


A pyramid of numbers shows the number of
organism at each link of the food chain.
From the base of the pyramid to the top
◦ the number of organisms decrease
◦ the size of the organisms increase
◦ more energy is lost





The term photosynthesis comes from two
root words photo, which means “light”, and
synthesis, which means putting together.
Photosynthesis is the process in which green
plants use light to produce food.
Green plants manufacture glucose from water
and carbon dioxide in the presence of
sunlight in their chlorophyll.
Oxygen is released in the process.
The glucose is stored as starch in the plants.
Carbon
Dioxide
Sun Light
Water
Glucose
chlorophyll
Sunlight
Water
Carbon
Dioxide
oxygen
Oxygen

Respiration is the oxidation of food in the
body’s cell to release energy, carbon dioxide
and water.
Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water +
energy
Pahang 2011
2. Buat inference untuk tumbuhan dalam serkup kaca P.
Kedah 12
Perlis 12
Perlis 12
Kelantan 12
What is the
importance of
photosynthesis?
Maintaining the normal
level of oxygen in the
atmosphere.
Providing food to
maintain a balanced
ecosystem.
Help plants to produce
yield.
Melaka 2011
Terengganu 2011
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr
2. Tasbih Kifarah.